Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Chapter 9 and 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 and 10 Flashcards

(92 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What do gene mutations involve?

A

A change in the base sequence of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can the change in base sequences occur?

A

During DNA replication
Involves base deletion and base subsitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can increase the rate of gene mutation?

A

Mutagenic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does meiosis produce

A

Daughter cells that are genetically different from one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Meiosis involves what?

A

Two nuclear divisions- formation of four haploid daughter cells from a single diploid parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do genetically different daughter cells result from

A

The independent segregation of homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does crossing over result in?

A

Further genetic varriation of daughter cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

number of different alleles of genes in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do random mutations result in?

A

new alleles of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why can mutations be useful?

A

might benefit its possessor, leading to increased reproductive success

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who recieves the advantageous allele?

A

members of the next generation. Overtime the new allele increases in frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Directional selection

A

A type of natural selection where one extreme phenotype is favored, causing a shift in the population’s genetic makeup over time towards that favored extreme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Natural selection

A

species that are better adapted to the environement- adaptions may be anatomical, physiological, or behavioural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Classification

A

grouping living organisms based on how closely related they are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Taxonomy

A

study of classification and the techniques used to classify organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phylogeny

A

Study of th evolutionary relationship between organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

‘father’ of modern taxonomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Carl Wose

A

Created the three domain system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Six kingdom classification

A

Protoctista- Eukarya
Fungi- Eukarya
Plantae- Eukarya
Animalia- Eukarya
Eubacteria- Bacteria
Archaea- Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Archaea

A

-single celled prokaryotes- org bacteria
differ from bacteria
-genes + protein synthesis
-membranes that contain fatty acid chain
-no murein in cell walls
-more complex form of RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bacteria

A

-single celled prokaryotes
-no membrane bound organelles
- ribosomes are smaller than eukaaryotes
-cell wall- murein
-single loop of DNA- no histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Eukarya

A

-group of organisims made up of one or more eukaryotic cells
features:
membrane bound organelles
fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by there linkages
not all possess a cell wall, but if they do it has no murein
ribosomes are longer than in bacteria and archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Taxonomic Ranks
Domain dear Kingdom king Phylum philip Class came Order over Family from Genus great Species spain
26
what is a heriarchy
groups within groups As you move up through each taxon, the number of species increases
27
species
a group of simillar organisms that are able to breed with one another to produce living, fertile offspring
28
Binomial System
named binominally using its genus (capital letter) and species (lower case) the same genus shows a close relationship
29
Phylogenetic trees
phylogenetic classification arranges species into groups according to their evolutionary origins and relationships
30
natural selection
mutation- new alleles of a gene, this gives a survial advantage- survival of the fittest as a result increased reproductive success, the advantageous allele is passed on to the next generation over serveral generations the new allele will increase frequency in the population
31
courtship behaviour allows individuals too:
recognise members of there own species- produce fertile offspring identify a mate that is capable of breeding- both partners need to be sexually mature form a pair bond thatll lead to successful mating so maximum probability of sperm and egg meeting
32
ecosystem
community of living things and the interacting of biotic and abiotic parts of a habitat
33
comunity
all the population of living and interacting in a particular area at the same time
34
Population
all individuals of a particular species within a habitat
35
Habitat
physical, chemical and biological environment in which an organism lives
36
Biodiversity
varriation that exists within and between all forms of life species diversity genetic diversity ecosystem diversity
37
why is biodiversity important for the resillience of ecosystems
so they are resistant to change e
38
species richness
simply the number of different species in a community
39
species diversity
more complex than richness and includes a measure of the number of species
40
removing hedgerows biodiversity?
decreases biodiversity as it removes biodiveristy
41
what does overgrazing do to biodiversity
decreases as nutrients are decreased- crop rotation reduces this
42
what do pesticides do to biodiversity numbers
decreseses- as it can result in eutrophecation- reduce the use of pestersides
43
Removing ponds- increase or decrease biodiversity
removes a habitat so by maintaing existing ponds and creating new ponds helps significantly
44
interspecific
variation between species
45
intraspecific
variation within species
46
sampling
using a subsect of a population to estimate information about a population
47
sampling bias
sample taken from an underepresentative area (may be deliberate or unwittingly
48
one way to reduce sampling bias
use a random number generator
49
chance- sampling in an environement
natural variation in any population you may have just sampled extreme values
50
what is the solution to reduce chance- natural varriation
use a larger sample size- cost, time uses statistical testing to determine the extent to which chance may have influenced the data
51
varriation
differences between species
52
contininuous variation
where the environement and poly genes influence characteristics e.g. height
53
Discontiuous variation
seen in features where genetics influence charateristics such as blood groups and eye colour
54
standard deviation
gives an indication of the range of values either side of the mean
55
what does it mean when your standard deviation is very large compared to your mean
then the mean would be a poor representation of the sample
56
If you add/subtract the standadrd deviation from the mean and there is no overlap what does this mean
there is likely to be significant difference
57
if the standard deviation was very small compared to the mean
it would be a very good representative of the sample
58
59
If you add/subtract the stadard deviation from the mean and what does it mean when there is overlap
it is likely that there is no significant difference
60
Ecology
the study of the inter-relationships between organisms and their environment
61
Niche
how an organism fits into the environment where it lives within a habitat. No two species can occupy the same niche
62
investigating slow moving or non-motile organisms
sample using quadrat
63
sampling using a quadrat- uniform distribution
use random sampling
64
sampling using a quadrat- uneven distribution
systamatic sampling- use a transect
65
investigating motile organisms r
sample using capture- release- recapture techniques
66
random sampling
used when you want to fins out what species are present and abundance
67
systamatic sampling
used to investigate a change from one community or habitat to another
68
Abundance
a number of individuals of one species in a particular area
69
How do you measure abundance
1- density- count individuals 2- local frequency- % of squaresd with species present 3- % coverage how much of an area investtigated is covered by a particular species
70
Distribution
where a particular species is in the area being studied
71
Random sampling method
1- lie two tape measures at right angles- grid 2- random no generator to generaate a coordinate 3-place quadrat and collect the data (density/ % cover) 4- repeat 1-3 a large number of times (>30) 5- calc the mean
72
density
could be time consuming but more accurate
73
frequency
quick but lacks accuracy as it does not consider overlapping or size of plants
74
% coverage
quick and useful is species are too numerous to count, it can be subjective
75
genome
all the genetic information in an organism
76
proteome
the full range a cell is able to produce
77
universal
all living things share the same four organice bases
78
degenerate
one amino acid can be coded for by more than one triplet
79
non-overlapping
the triplets are all sequential and it matters where you start
80
mutations- addition
one or more extra bases being added to the sequence- point mutation by adding one base all subsequent codons are altered- frame shift to the right could code for different sequence- non functional protein
81
Mutations- deletion
one or more bases deleted- point mutation frame shift to the left- different polypeptide chain non- functionional protein
82
Mutation- substitution
one bases has been changed for a different base but no frame shift only one codon has change- due to degenerate codes it may still code for the same thing- silent
83
mutaion- Inversion
a section of the bases detach from the DNA sequence but when they rejoin they are inverted (back to front) different amino acids coded
84
mutation- duplication
one or more bases is repeated
85
Translocation
a section of the bases on one chromosome detaches and attaches onto the same or differenet chromosomes can cause significant impact on gene expression
86
Heredity mutations
if a gamete containg mutation for a type of cancer or genetic disorder are fertilised, the mutation will be present in the new foetus formed
87
causes of mutations
exposure to mutagenic agents e.g highly ionising radiation- alpha, gamma, beta ultraviolet chemical carcinogens
88
Genetic diversity
total number of different alleles within a population (gene pool) greater diversity increases the chances that a population will survive environmental change
89
Allele frequency
how often a particular allele occurs within a population
90
Reproductive success
how successful organisms are at reproducing. reproducing success means beneficial alleles are passed on to the next generaation
91
Charles Darwins main observations
- varriation among species -all living things prodduce more offspring than the environment can support -populations remain fairly constant in sixe - the most suited to the environment 'fittest' will survive
92
Natural selection
1- random mutations can produce new alleles of a gene 2- many mutations are harmful or neutral, but under certain environments the new alleles may lead to increased chance of survival

Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions