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LIFESCI 2D03 > Chapter 9: Antipredator Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Antipredator Behaviour Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

crab colouration research question:

A

why do juvenile crabs have a complex body colour

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2
Q

crab colouration hypothesis:

A

the body colourant of juvenile crabs is cryptic on a heterogenous shell-hash substrate

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3
Q

crab colouration prediction

A

juveniles on shell hash will have higher survival

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4
Q

crab colouration methods

A

tethered individual juvenile crabs on ceramic tiles in ocean that were uniform white or heterogenous shell hash
record survival of all individuals over time

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5
Q

crab colouration results

A

few crabs on white tiles survived, over 60% on shell hash survived.

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6
Q

crab colouration conclusion

A

juvenile body colouration is cryptic on shell hash substrate and reduces predation risk

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7
Q

crab anti predator research question

A

can crabs select cryptic shell hash substrate?

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8
Q

crab anti predator hypothesis

A

crabs will move to cryptic backgrounds when they are available

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9
Q

crab anti predator prediction

A

crabs prefer a shell hash background to one that is uniform in colour, especially when predation risk is high

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10
Q

crab anti predator methods

A

place small and large juvenile crabs in aquarium with 2 types of tiles: white and shell hash
manipulate predation risk for 1/2 of crabs by adding water from tank with predatory fish
record proportion crabs on each tile

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11
Q

crab anti predator results

A

in comparison to large crabs, small crabs preferred shell hash regardless of treatment
large crabs preferred shell hash when risk was high

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12
Q

lizard anti predation research question

A

how does the presence of predators affect prey behaviour

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13
Q

lizard anti predator hypothesis

A

activity level of prey influences risk of being killed by a predator

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14
Q

lizard anti predation prediction

A

activity level of prey will be lower when predators present

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15
Q

lizard anti predation methods

A

whiptail lizards in experimental pens, add 2 predator lizards to half.
record behaviour of whiptails

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16
Q

lizard anti predation results

A

whiptails in predator present were less active

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17
Q

lizard anti predator conclusion

A

lizards reduce their activity level when predators are nearby

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18
Q

what is a reason a prey may take evasive action?

A

they may be too slow to flee from predator. some moths will just drop before being attacked

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19
Q

evasive action

A

a range of maneuvers or strategies employed by prey animals to escape or avoid capture when they are detected by a predator. these actions are part of prey’s defence mechanisms to increase chances of survival.

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20
Q

fleeing

A

running away from predator to create distance and reduce likelihood of capture.
some prey are adapted to swift, agile movements to escape

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21
Q

hiding

A

seeking cover or concealing themselves to make it difficult for predator to locate them.
find shelter, burrow into ground, blend into environment

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22
Q

camouflage

A

some prey have evolved to blend into surroundings, making it harder for predators to spot them.
includes colouration and patterns that match environment

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23
Q

deception

A

using tactics to confuse or distract the predator
false alarms, changes in direction, vocalization meant to startle or confuse

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24
Q

group defence

A

prey animals may band together in groups for safety. larger numbers make it more challenging for predators to single out and capture an individual

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25
defensive weaponry
some prey species have evolved physical defences (horns, spines, etc) to deter predators. used to defend themselves when cornered.
26
mimicry
some prey mimic appearance or behaviour of other organisms that are unpalatable, toxic or dangerous to predators to deter them
27
freezing
prey will freeze in place, hoping that their lack of movement will make them less conspicuous
28
vigilance behaviour
scanning the environment for predators
29
elk research question
what affects vigilance levels of prey
30
elk hypothesis
animals will trade off feeding time for vigilance based on level of risk
31
elk prediction
vigilance will be higher and feeding time will be lower when predation risk is high
32
elk methods
quantified vigilance and feeding behaviour of elk living in areas with and without wolves
33
elk results
females with calves were more vigilant males were least vigilant
34
squirrel research question
how often should animals carry food to safety for consumption
35
squirrel hypothesis
food carrying behaviour represents a trade off between feeding in safety and obtaining high energy intake
36
squirrel prediction
large items should be carried to safety more than small as distance to safety increases, carrying behaviour should decline
37
squirrel methods
offered different sized food items at varying distances from trees recorded proportion of items carried to safe cover
38
squirrel results
proportion of items carried increased with food size and decreased with distance to cover
39
squirrel conclusion
food carrying represents a behavioural trade off between predation risk and feeding efficiency
40
nocturnal or crepuscular activity
some species are primarily active during night (nocturnal) or during twilight (crepuscular) to avoid diurnal predators
41
vigilance and alertness
animals may remain vigilant and alert to detect predators early, allowing them to free or take defensive action
42
breeding synchronization
some species time their reproductive activities to coincide with periods of abundant resources, so they dont need to expose themselves to predation often
43
hiding and shelter use
animals seek refuge in burrows, nests or dens to avoid predation during vulnerable times, like when giving birth or molting
44
escape behaviour
rapid and agile escape behaviours, like flight or fleeing, help animals evade predators
45
warning calls or signals
many animals use alarm calls or signals to warn others in their group about the presence of a predator
46
social groups
live near individuals to reduce predation risk via dilution effect. probability of dying in a successful predator attack is reduced by presence of others
47
killifish research question
how does predation risk affect schooling behaviour in fish
48
killifish hypothesis
socialite reduces predation risk via dilution effect
49
killifish prediction
fish should prefer to associate with larger rather than smaller groups
50
killifish methods
high predation risk treatment: diluted killifish skin extract added to tank to simulate predation event control:water added recorded school size
51
killifish results
median school size in high predation risk treatment was max. (10) medial school in control was 2.
52
killifish conclusion
killifish prefer to associate with other fish when predation risk is high, as predicted by the dilution effect
53
benefits of group living
group acquisition of food access to mates shelter protection from predation social thermoregulation
54
predation reduction:
improved vigilance for predators
55
cheating
not an ESS. cheaters get kicked out and it isn’t evolutionarily stable, as if it were, all animals would be cheaters negates benefit of group living if theyre all cheating
56
cheetahs vigilance
individuals that are more vigilant due to alarm calls depart faster than non vigilant individuals
57
lion pride
adult males often related, called “coalitions” which control the territory and its associated lionesses
58
cooperative hunting in lions
individuals specialize their hunting strat, wings or centre wings stalk prey, tend to be smaller centre are larger, and tend to run in and jump the prey
59
optimal group size
the optimal number of individuals where benefits of group living are maxed, but the costs of group living are minimized
60
skew theory
models that consider the effect of group size on an individual’s reproductive success considers potential costs and benefits of group living
61
Warkentin lab
studies tree frogs and connects them to social issues
62
tree frog transformation
they can go from a cell sac to a developed tadpole in 7 days
63
tree frog challenges in environment
eggs attach to vegetation overhanging ponds and swamps
64
tree frog ongoing threats
predation dehydration drowning
65
tree frog defence mechanism
can hatch early to escape threats
66
tree frog trade off
early hatching exposes them to dangers in water
67
what can trigger early hatching in tree frogs
predators pathogens oxygen availability bad parenting environmental cues- vibrations
68
warkentin tree frog study
how do eggs differentiate predation vibrations vs harmless vibrations? recorded vibrations in wild to play to clutches in lab found frog eggs picked up on vibrations over time: rain and wind batter the egg less and are constant, but snakes take a break to chew
69
selfish herd hypothesis
a predator is more likely to kill a member on the outside of the group individuals can reduce predation risk by moving to middle
70
group size effect
vigilance behaviour of individuals declines as group increases
71
doves research questions
1. do doves exhibit group size effect 2. are doves on the edge exposed to higher predation risk?
72
doves hypotheses
1. vigilance decreases as group size increases 2. individuals can reduce predation risk by moving into middle
73
doves prediction
1. individual scan rates will decline as flock size increases 2. individuals at edge of flock will have higher vigilance levels than those at centre
74
doves methods
record group size used focal animal sampling to record position, scan rate/duration and feeding time
75
doves results
as flock size increases, the scan rate declines and feeding rate increased.
76
mobbing research question
why do prey harass predators
77
mobbing hypothesis
harassment causes predators to move away from an area (the move on hypothesis)
78
mobbing prediction
after being harassed, predators move away from an area
79
mobbing methods
observed mobbing behaviour by birds noted frequency of owl predation on bird species that mobbed and those that didnt recorded response to mobbing
80
mobbing results
mobbing over time led to the owl leaving
81
pursuit deterrence
advertisement behaviour informs a predator it lost the element of surprise and pursuit will not be successful
82
alarm signal hypothesis
advertisement behaviour functions to warn nearby conspecifics
83
deer tail research question
why do deer exhibit tail flagging behaviour after seeing a predator
84
deer tail hypothesis
1: tail flagging deters predator pursuit 2: tail flagging warns conspecifics
85
deer tail prediction
1: tail flagging should occur more often as distance between predator and deer increases 2: solitary deer should exhibit less tail flagging than deer in social groups
86
deer tail methods
slowly stalked focal deer record number of deer nearby recoded tail flagging behaviour during stalk and distance to deer
87
deer tail results
no difference in tail flagging between solitary and social deer tail flagging was more frequent as distance to deer increased
88
brown thornbill calling
mimics warning call of many birds to scare off predators. mimics by pretending bigger bird is near

LIFESCI 2D03 (5 decks)

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