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LIFESCI 2D03 > Chapter 12: Mating Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Mating Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

sexual selection

A

a form of natural selection that acts on heritable traits that affect reproduction via mate competition (intra) and mate choice (inter)

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2
Q

mate competition

A

selection in which one sex competes with other members of the same sex for access to the other sex for reproduction

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3
Q

mate choice

A

selection by one sex for members of the other sex for reproduction

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4
Q

anisogamy

A

different sized gametes

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5
Q

isogamy

A

same sized gametes

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6
Q

how did anisogamy evolve? (assumptions)

A
  1. in ancestral marine environment, individuals produce different sized gametes
  2. each parent has a fixed amount of energy to allocate to gamete production, resulting in a size-number trade off. (as gamete size increases, gamete number decreases, and vice versa)
  3. zygote viability is related to its size. larger zygotes have higher viability because they contain more nutrients
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7
Q

Bateman’s Hypothesis

A

there is a greater variance in reproductive success among males than females.
some males will have more offspring, some will have none, which leads to skewed distribution of reproductive success within the species.
Males reproductive success increases as they mate more, but females have a cap- they can only produce so many offspring in one season.

in species where males compete for access to females, the variance in male reproductive success is higher because the number of mates a male can obtain is limited
females, who invest more in reproduction, have more limited reproductive potential and have lower variance. Her restraint is physiological.

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8
Q

parental investment theory

A

Proposed by Trivers

the sex that pays the higher cost of parental investment should be choosier when selecting mates. the other sex will experience intense sexual selection

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9
Q

red deer research question

A

are antlers weapons used in mate competition?

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10
Q

red deer methods

A

collect and weight antlers when shed
use blood samples to determine reproductive success (paternity testing)

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11
Q

red deer results

A

average antler mass over an individual’s lifetime was positively correlated with his total lifetime breeding success. bigger antlers = more success

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12
Q

dung beetle research question

A

what is the role of male’s horn-like projection?

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13
Q

dung beetle hypothesis

A

large horns provide an advantage in mate competition

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14
Q

dung beetle prediction

A

males with the larger horns will win the most fights

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15
Q

dung beetles methods

A

stage fights between males matched for body size, but not horn length
record outcome of interactions and mating success

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16
Q

dung beetles results

A

males with smaller horns tended to lose, males with largest horns tended to win

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17
Q

peacock research question

A

are peacock tails an ornament used in mate choice?

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18
Q

peacock methods

A

measured tail length and male body size, number and duration of tail displays, number of vocalization and copulations

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19
Q

peacock results

A

longer body sizes and tail = more likely to acquire display site
more eyespots = more copulations

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20
Q

what are peacock ocelli?

A

the eye spots on their tails

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21
Q

guppies sensory bias research question

A

how does a male trait become selected in female mate preference?

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22
Q

guppies sensory bias hypothesis

A

sensory bias hypothesis: female mating preferences are a byproduct of pre-existing biases in a female’s sensory system

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23
Q

guppies sensory bias prediction

A

males and females should be attracted to orange coloured objects because orange is associated with carotenoids

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24
Q

guppies sensory bias methods

A

several populations, place small colour discs on leaf in water
record all approaches and pecks

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25
Q

guppies sensory bias results

A

high preference seen in both males and females, but a bit more in females. lots of pecks at orange disc.

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26
Q

direct material benefits in mate selection and an example

A

material resources obtained by a female from mating with a particular male.
ex. nuptial gift: a physical resource like a food item that a male provides a female to enhance his chances of mating

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27
Q

indirect material benefits female mate choice

A

genetic benefits females can obtain for their offspring by mating with males that have high genetic quality

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28
Q

fireflies mate choice research question

A

how does the variation in the duration of male flashes affect female mate choice and fitness?

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29
Q

spermatophore

A

a structure or package containing sperm which is transferred from a male to a female during reproduction.
the specific structure and function may vary but the purpose is to deliver sperm to the female’s reproductive organs. It may contain sperm and also nutritional substances and protection for sperm.

spermatophores can be a part of the male’s reproductive strategy.

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30
Q

spermatophore transfer mechanisms

A

there are often specialized reproductive organs or structures for spermatophore transfer.

direct insertion: male directly inserts spermatophore into female’s reproductive organs (insect common)
capsule placement: spermatophore is placed in a location where the female can access it. The female may then take the spermatophore on her own. (Arachnid common)
transfer via structure: some species like octopi have specialized structures like hectocotylus to place it in the female
sperm web/packet: (spider common) sperm web or packet is structure containing spermatophore. left for female to retrieve.

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31
Q

fireflies mate choice methods

A

measured male flash duration and spermatophore size
created flashes of different lengths and measured female response

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32
Q

fireflies mate choice results

A

males with longer flashes had bigger spermatophores.
females responded more to longer flash durations.

33
Q

lizard mate choice research question

A

how does territory quality affect female choice and fitness?
territory quality is based on rockiness

34
Q

lizard mate choice methods

A

larger males have territories with more rocks
added rocks to small male territories, removed rocks from large male territories
observe female mate choice
measure egg laying date and egg mass

35
Q

lizard mate choice results

A

females preferred improved territories
on improved territories females laid eggs sooner and produced larger egg masses
females select males based on territory quality and there seems to be a fitness gain by doing so

36
Q

indirect genetic benefits

A

genetic benefits females can obtain for their offspring by mating with males of high genetic quality

37
Q

females may select males based on

A

secondary sex characteristics

38
Q

runaway process

A

an evolutionary process in which a male trait coevolves with female preference and it becomes increasingly exaggerated

39
Q

handicap principle

A

well developed secondary sexual characteristics are costly to survival but reliable signals of fitness

40
Q

good genes

A

alleles of high quality individuals

41
Q

mate choice in frogs methods

A

captured, ID’d males from 4 ponds
observed # of matings
collected egg masses and reared in lab, measured tadpole growth rate and survival and genotyped them

42
Q

mate choice frogs results

A

males with more offspring had tadpoles with highest growth rates
females were selecting for genetic benefits

43
Q

bird parasitism research question

A

how does parasite load affect mate choice?

44
Q

Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis

A

females prefer males with greatest expression of secondary sex characteristics

45
Q

bird parasitism hypothesis

A

hamilton-zuk, females will prefer males with most expression of secondary sex characteristics because these males have highest immunocompetence if male immunity is a heritable trait.

46
Q

bird parasitism predictions

A

females should prefer to mate with males that have greatest expression of secondary sex characteristics
high parasite loads will reduce expression in males

47
Q

bird parasitism methods

A

infect half of the males with intestinal nematode
measure size and colour of comb
conduct mate choice test with control and infected males

48
Q

bird parasitism results

A

control males had larger combs
females preferred control males

49
Q

mate choice spiders research question

A

what is the importance of pheromones as signals of male quality in mate choice?

50
Q

how do male spiders use pheromones?

A

they expel a sticky substance to aid in prey capture, which also includes pheromones for females. the males dont provide anything, so females choose for indirect benefits.

51
Q

spider mate choice methods

A

experiment in Y test chamber.
Phase 1: males at ends of arms, foam on floor to prevent tactile signals. chemical cues only
Phase 2: pheromones of males on filter paper at ends of arms

mating experiment: half females mated with preferred male, other half with non preferred male

52
Q

spider mate choice results

A

chose same male from phase 1 to phase 2.

females with males they preferred had larger eggs and a higher hatch rate

53
Q

why does mate choice matter in captive breeding?

A

captive breeding programs need to take into account genetic diversity and mate choice, since mate choice ensures more viable offspring, which is important since many of these programs are meant to increase population size

54
Q

mate guarding

A

a male follows his mate to prevent her from mating with rivals

55
Q

extra pair young

A

offspring of a pair bonded female produced outside the pair bond by a third party male

56
Q

warbler research question

A

how effective is mate guarding?

57
Q

warbler mate guarding results

A

males with fewer extra pair young spent lots of time with the female.
males who were experimentally removed had more extra pair young than controls who were present.

58
Q

warbler conclusion

A

mate guarding can be an effective strategy for increased paternity assurance

59
Q

sperm competition

A

competition between sperm of different males to fertilize eggs

60
Q

cryptic female choice

A

when female influences the fertilization success of sperm from one male over others

61
Q

inbreeding depression

A

a reduction in fitness as a result of mating with close relatives

62
Q

methods of sexual selection after mating

A

sperm competition
cryptic female choice
inbreeding depression
mate guarding
extra pair young

63
Q

tree swallow results

A

increased copulation rate resulted in decreased extra pair offspring

64
Q

tree swallow conclusion

A

males can reduce paternity loss from sperm competition by increasing copulation frequency

65
Q

alternative mating tactics

A

multiple behavioural mating phenotypes in a population

66
Q

satellite male

A

alternative, parasitic mating tactic in which a male remains near parental male to intercept females that are attracted to him

67
Q

sneaker male

A

alternative, parasitic mating tactic in which a male attempts to avoid detection so that he can quickly enter a parental territory to fertilize eggs being deposited in a nest

68
Q

conditional strategy

A

the flexibility with which one chooses a particular strategy based on an individual’s condition

69
Q

ESS

A

a strategy that, if adopted by individuals in a population, cannot be trumped by another strategy because it yields the highest fitness

70
Q

satelitte tree frogs observations

A

males can be dominant or satellite
dominants call to attract females
satelitte lives near dominant, stays quiet to intercept females attracted to caller.
some males exhibit both strats.

71
Q

tree frogs methods

A

record calls of dominant and satellite males
synthesize calls
conduct choice tests for females and satellite males

72
Q

tree frogs results

A

dominant males were larger and older
dominant males had lower frequency calls
males adopt conditional strategy if dominant males are removed
females and satellites prefer low frequency calls

73
Q

sunfish research question

A

what is the reproductive success of parental and sneaker male sunfish?

74
Q

sunfish methods

A

map nest locations
capture parental males, females, sneaker males and eggs
genotype analysis

75
Q

sunfish results

A

parentals are older and bigger
sneakers dont sire much young

76
Q

mate choice copying research question

A

do females copy the mate choice of other females?

77
Q

mate choice copying methods

A

focal female in a mate choice test with males matched for size and colouration
model female placed next to non chosen male with focal female observing
focal female given mate choice test

78
Q

mate choice copying results

A

most females spent more time with male that had been near model female
females switched their mate choice preference to copy the model female

LIFESCI 2D03 (5 decks)

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