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LIFESCI 2D03 > Chapter 13: Mating Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Mating Systems Flashcards

1
Q

monogamy

A

1 male 1 female

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2
Q

polygyny

A

1 male, multiple females

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3
Q

polyandry

A

1 female, multiple males

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4
Q

polygyandry

A

plural breeding, multiple males and females with some social associations

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5
Q

promiscuity

A

multiple males and females, no social associations

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6
Q

sexual conflict

A

differential selection on males and females to maximize their fitness
female fitness is limited by access to resources to invest in offspring
male fitness is limited by access to mates/females

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7
Q

Emlen and Oring Model

A

describes when to expect the different mating systems
uniform to clumped, female to male biased care.

monogamy- if female’s partner offers high resources and parental care. uniform or clumped and mid bias. favoured if resources are poor and predation is high.

polyandry- clumped, male biased care

polygyny- resource/female defence if clumped, male dominance if uniform.
females aggregate to lower predation risk and male harassment while having resource access.

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8
Q

why might females gather

A

avoid predation
avoid male harassment
get resource access

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9
Q

resource defence polygyny

A

male defend a territory that attracts females

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10
Q

female defence polygyny

A

male monopolize resources and defend females due to resources

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11
Q

male dominance polygyny

A

(leks)
males advertise to females in a group

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12
Q

promiscuity

A

not really on graph. can be male or female biased care, cant predict. theres low benefit to social living so they dont stick together.

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13
Q

warbler E+O model approach/methods

A

comparative analysis, examine related species’ mating systems.

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14
Q

warbler E+O research question

A

how does habitat quality correlate with mating system?
how are habitat quality and mating systems related to level of male care?

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15
Q

warbler E+O model methods

A

create phylogeny
estimate habitat quality
characterize relative male care for offspring

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16
Q

warbler E+O results

A

poor habitat: monogamy, high parental care
medium or good habitats: polygyny, promiscuity and reduced male care

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17
Q

cali mouse observation

A

cali mice are monogamous (rare for mammals)

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18
Q

cali mouse research question

A

how does male care affect reproductive success in this species?

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19
Q

cali mouse prediction

A

reproductive success will be low if paternal care is absent

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20
Q

cali mouse methods

A

capture adults
check females for reproductive condition
remove males from monogamous pair within 3 days of litter birth
estimate # young born by comparing mother weight loss between last days of pregnancy and first capture since birth
compare offspring number and success (emergence from burrow) to control pairs with males

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21
Q

cali mouse results

A

both groups had similar # young
litters with no father had much lower success

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22
Q

cali mouse conclusion

A

male care enhances reproductive success in monogamous mice

23
Q

shrimp monogamy research question

A

why are shrimp monogamous when the males provide no care?

24
Q

territorial cooperation hypothesis

A

2 individuals (one of each sex) can better defend a critical resource

25
Q

mate guarding hypothesis

A

a single male can benefit from remaining close to single female during reproductive cycles

26
Q

shrimp monogamy predictions

A

pairs will better defend resource
males will most often guard females close to sexual receptivity

27
Q

shrimp monogamy methods

A

allowed single females and paired females to guard burrow from intruder (same size/sex)

allowed males to choice females close to or not close to sexual receptivity

28
Q

shrimp monogamy results

A

females paired with male were more successful in burrow defence

males chose to guard sexually receptive females more often

29
Q

shrimp mate research question

A

how are males able to determine female sexual receptivity

30
Q

shrimp mate methods

A

Y tank
1 arm normal water
1 arm treated
(had shrimp, then had pre/post/inter molt females)

31
Q

shrimp mate results

A

males only moved to water with pre molt female

32
Q

shrimp mate conclusion

A

males were able to determine female sexual receptivity and are attracted to them
territorial competition and mate guarding have favoured monogamy in shrimp

33
Q

horse observation

A

feral horses live in bands with 1 male and up to 12 females

34
Q

horse research question

A

do males defend females directly or the resources the females want?

35
Q

horse methods

A

record location of bands for 3 years
record social behaviours especially aggression between males of different bands
plot home range of each band

36
Q

horse results

A

bands overlapped so much, there was no defence of territories, the males fought over female access.

37
Q

horse conclusion

A

males seem to display female defence polygyny

38
Q

blackbird observation

A

blackbirds exhibit variation in their mating system

39
Q

blackbird research question

A

why do some blackbirds mate monogamously, others polygynously?

40
Q

blackbird hypothesis

A

polygyny threshold model. there will be variation in polygyny dependent on territory quality (or direct benefits)

41
Q

blackbird prediction

A

polygyny should only be observed in high quality territories

42
Q

how do female blackbirds nest?

A

they nest in dense vegetation around ponds. they mate monogamously or polygynously

43
Q

blackbirds methods

A

females could mate monogamously in low quality territory or polygynously in high quality territory.
Add nesting platforms over water (high quality territory) for polygynous male
nesting platforms over land (low quality) for monogamous male

44
Q

blackbird results

A

majority chose to mate polygynously on high quality territory.

45
Q

blackbird conclusion

A

territory quality affects observed mating system, as predicted by polygyny threshold model

46
Q

carrion beetle observation

A

males defend small vertebrate carcasses and females larvae feed on it. observe male-male aggression but not female-female over carcass.

47
Q

carrion beetle research question

A

does the variation in aggression between sexes indicate that these beetles exhibit resource defence polygyny?

48
Q

carrion beetle methods

A

place 2 males and 2 females next to meat
within each sex there was variation in size.
large males dominant over small
females mated with both males
record mating success via DNA analysis

49
Q

carrion beetle results

A

large males had much more reproductive success
females had similar success with a slight edge to larger one

50
Q

carrion beetle conclusion

A

resource defence polygyny is the mating system, males defend carcasses to keep smaller males away

51
Q

lek

A

communal display ground where males showcase their secondary sex characteristics to impress females. there is usually a male dominance hierarchy on these leks

52
Q

2 hypothesis to explain aggregation on leks?

A

hotspot hypothesis: males benefit by aggregating on leks where female encounter is more likely
hotshot hypothesis: males benefit by aggregating on leks were high quality males are, that attract females

53
Q

great snipe observation

A

males display on leks for several hours each evening

LIFESCI 2D03 (5 decks)

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