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Physiology Lecture > Chapter 9 CNS > Flashcards

Chapter 9 CNS Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS consists of what?

What is the function of the CNS?

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

Receives afferent information

Integrates the information

Issues output via Efferents

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2
Q

The gray matter and white matter is made up of what?

A

The gray matter consists of cell bodies of neurons

The white matter consists of axons of neurons

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3
Q

What is the areas of the brain contain cerebrospinal fluid?

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ventricles within the brain and the space between the meninges and brain contain cerebrospinal fluid

Cushions the brain

Exchange medium between blood and brain

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4
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid serves two purposes

A

Physical protection and chemical protection

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5
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is a salty fluid that is continuously secreted by?

A

Choroid plexus, which is a specialized region on the walls of the ventricles

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6
Q

How are the brain regions classified?

How are they differentiated?

A

The regions are classified to where they arise in a developing embryo

Embryonic ectoderm gives rise to at neural tube.

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7
Q

The neural tube differentiates into several regions, what are they?

When does this take place in the developing embryo?

A

Prosencephalon - Forebrain

Mesencephalon - Midbrain

Rhombencephalon - Hindbrain

Happens at week 4

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8
Q

Around the 5th to 6th week the three primary vesicles have developed into how many vesicles and what are they?

A

5 secondary vesicles

Cerebral hemisphere, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Midbrain, (Pons, cerebellum), Medulla oblongata.

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9
Q

What at the regions of the Forebrain?

out of the three which is the largest?

A

Cerebrum

Hypothalamus

Thalamus

The cerebrum is the largest portion.

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10
Q

What the function of the cerebrum?

Give a description of this!

A

Responsible for the high cognitive function

It is divided into two hemispheres

The outermost layer is the cerebral cortex and the inner most layer is the Basal nuclei which is the deeper masses of gray matter

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11
Q

What divides the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

The Corpus callous connects the hemispheres

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12
Q

This is the outermost layer of the cerebrum, what is found in this section?

A

The is a layer of gray matter.

It is the Cerebral Cortex

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13
Q

The cerebral cortex is divided into five lobes (four is what we know of)

A

Frontal Lobe

Temporal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe

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14
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles; personality; higher intellectual processes

Ex. Concentration, planning, and decision making

Also for verbal communication

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15
Q

What is the function of the Parietal Lobe?

A

Somatesthetic interpretatin (e.g. Cutaneous and muscular sensations);

Understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions

Interpretation of textures

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16
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Interpretation of auditory sensations;

Memory storage of auditory and visual experiences

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17
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Integration of movements in focusing the eye

Correlation of visual images with precious visual experiences and other sensory stimuli

Conscious perception of vision

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18
Q

What it’s the function of the Insula lobe?

A

Memory

Sensory (principally pain) and visceral integration

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19
Q

What lobe processes Somatosensory Information?

What are Somatic sensations

A

The Parietal Lobe

They are body sensations ex. Touch, warm/cold, pain

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20
Q

The initial processing of info from the skin, musculoskeletal system, and viscera occurs where?

What is the map of information that includes the somatosensory and musculoskeletal cortex and how is it used?

A

It occurs in the primary somatosensory cortex.

The Homunculus is the map of how sensitive each particular area is and how much fine details each section can discern.

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21
Q

The greatest motor control from the Homunculus is the?

A

the hand and fingers along with facial expression, salivation, vocalization, and chewing (mastication)

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22
Q

The greatest control of the somatosensory cortex according to the homunculus is?

A

Hand fingers thumb, the upper face and the lips, along with the genitalia.

23
Q

What is the site for higher brain functions?

A

The cerebrum is the site for higher brain functions

24
Q

What are the cerebral Nuclei, where are they located, and what is their function?

A

Cerebral Nuclei are deep within the cerebrum are a set of interconnected neurons.

The cerebral nuclei work together with the motor cortex to control voluntary movement.

25
Q

Cerebral gray matter can be divided into three major regions?

A

The cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia, and the lambic system

26
Q

What are the basal ganglia? What else are they called?

A

Also called the basal nuclei, or the cerebral nuclei.

They are involved in the control of voluntary movement!

27
Q

The functional areas of the cerebral cortex do not correspond to what? Therefore how is the brain explained in regards to abilities like language and the ability to discern the surroundings is?

A

Does not correspond to the anatomical lines of the brain.

Therefore, cerebral lateralization is based on function and which hemisphere is associated with that function

28
Q

What is an example of a function that is associated with the left hemisphere?

A

Language skills are associated with the left hemisphere

Main language center, calculation, speech and writing

29
Q

What hemisphere is associated with the ability to discern the surroundings?

What are some other examples?

A

Right brain

Simple language comprehension, and spatial concepts

30
Q

What is the function of the Hippocampus?

A

Involved in the process of long term potentiation (LTP)

During (LTP), some synaptic connections are strengthened

Also consolidates short term memories into long term memories

31
Q

What is the function of the Thalamus?

A

Receives most sensory afferent information

Sends that information to other brain regions

Helps filter sensory information

Involved in motor control

32
Q

What other areas of the brain does the Thalamus send information to?

A

Somatosensory cortex
Auditory cortex
Motor cortex

33
Q

What information does the Thalamus receive and from where?

A

Receives most sensory afferent information

The Thalamus helps filter sensory information
Also involved in motor coordination

34
Q

What are the parts of the Forebrain?

A

Hippocampus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Limbic system

35
Q

What is the function of the Hypothalamus?

A

Regulates life functions
Mediates emotions
Works in conjunction with the pituitary regulating some hormones

36
Q

What life functions does the Hypothalamus regulate?

A

Body temp, thirst, hunger, and sleep

37
Q

What is the limbic system and what are its major functions?

A

Refers to a series of forebrain regions that process emotions

Facilitates memory storage and retrieval

38
Q

What are the major regions of the Limbic System?

A 
Amygdala 
Hippocampus
Mammary Body
Cingulate Gyrus
Fornix
39
Q

How much of the brain does the midbrain occupy and what are the functions?

A

The midbrain occupies fa very small volume of the brain

It relays signals for the auditory and visual reflexes

40
Q

What part of the midbrain is associated with motor control. What disease arises from degeneration to the neurons in this area?

A

Substantia Nigra and Red Nucleus

Parkinson’s Disease patients suffer the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia Nigeria

41
Q

What make up the Hindbrain?

A

Pons, Medulla Oblongata, and Cerebellum

42
Q

The pontine and medullary regions usually are called the?

A

Brain stem

43
Q

What are some of the medullary Regions within the Hindbrain?

A

Vasomotor control center
Cardiac control center
Respiratory control center

44
Q

Where is the Cerebellum and what are its functions?

A

Located at the base of the skull, the second largest structure in the brain.

Called the “little brain”

Receives input from proprioceptors (joint, tendon, and muscle receptors)

Involved in coordinating movements along with cerebral nuclei and motor areas of the cortex

45
Q

What is the major pathway for information flowing back and forth from all areas of the body to the brain?

A

The spinal cord

46
Q

Where is the spinal cord?

A

Attached to the bottom of the brain stem and encased within the vertebral foramen.

47
Q

What tracks brings information from the periphery to the brain?

What tracks carry information down from the g=brain

A

Ascending afferent tracts bring sensory info to the brain. They occupy the dorsal and external lateral portions of the spinal cord.

Descending tracts carry mostly efferent (motor) signals from the brain to the cord. They occupy the ventral and interior lateral portions of the white matter

48
Q

Gray matter consists of what?

A

Consists of sensory and motor nuclei.

49
Q

White matter consists of what?

A

In the spinal cord consists of tracts of axons carrying information to and from the brain.

50
Q

what takes place in the ascending afferent tracts regarding information being brought to the brain?

A

The pathways cross with the CNS at either the spinal cord or at the midbrain (medulla oblongata.

Sensory information on one side of the body is processed by the contralateral brain.

51
Q

When does crossing over take place at the site of the stimulus. What types of stimuli causes this?

A

Temperature and pain receptors crossover at the level of the stimuli.

52
Q

What do descending efferent tracts control?

A

Refers to neuronal pathways that control muscles

53
Q

Where do upper motor neurons originate and travel to? What is significant thing takes place?

What are the percentages of tracts and where are they?

A

Originate in the motor cortex, then descend down the spinal cord

About 85% of the fibers cross over at the medulla to the (lateral tract)

~ 15% do not cross and remain in the anterior tract

Physiology Lecture (11 decks)

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