Chapter 9: Human Development

Question 1

Nature vs. Nurture

Answer 1

Nature: DNA, hormones, biological factor
Nurture: produced by exposure and experience

Question 2

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model - Levels

Answer 2

1) Core: child factors - individual traits
2) Micro: individuals with regular, direct influences on children (mom/dad)
3) Meso: direct interaction with individuals within the microsystem (mom and dad, friend and friend)
4) Exosystem: indirect individuals on a child (classroom, sports teams)
6) chrono: major life events (divorces, natural disaster)

Question 3

Psychosexual Theory

Answer 3

all about pleasure and satisfaction; oral, anal, phallic, genital

Question 4

Morality

Answer 4

Lawrence Kohlberg, about what is right and wrong.
Heinz Dilemma: obedience, self-interest, and conformity

Question 5

Physical Development Patterns

Answer 5

Cephalocaudal: head to toes growth
Proximodistal: close to further growth
Differentiation: simple to complex growth

Question 6

Cognition Theorist

Answer 6

Jean Piaget and the sensorimotor stages (exploring, imitating, object permanence)

Question 7

Attachment Theorist

Answer 7

Mary Ainsworth; all about emotional bonds within the microsystem

Question 8

Psychosocial Theorist

Answer 8

Erik Erikson and his unconscious conflict model: we must always attack these inner conflicts, neglect leads to issues such as addictions and mental health problems

Question 9

Prenatal Development Stages

Answer 9

1. Zygote - for 2 weeks; sperm and egg
2. Embryo - for 2.5 months; looks like baby
3. Fetus - for 6 months; looks like a human

Question 10

Teratogens

Answer 10

diseases, drugs, and toxic chemicals that harm an embryo and fetus ONLY

Question 11

Infancy Stage - Physical

Answer 11

physical development - normal curve and standard deviation; 68% of babies are born within 1.25lbs of 7.5lbs

Question 12

Infancy Stage - Reflexes

Answer 12

reflexes - Babinski (stroking of the foot makes their toes spread out), Moro (arches back), Palmar (instinctually grabs your finger), Rooting (a touch of the cheek turns their head), Sucking (tongue creates a vacuum seal to eat)

Question 13

Infancy Stage - Motor

Answer 13

1 month - lifting of the head
2 months - lifting the chest
3 months - reaches
4 months - can sit up with back support
5 months - holds objects
6 months - can sit by themselves
7-9 months - general locomotion
8-11 months - standing with help
12 months - walking
2+ years - complex locomotion

Question 14

Infancy Stage - Psychosexual

Answer 14

oral stage - first 2 years of life, pleasure/comfort of pacifiers/bottles
anal stage - 2-3 years, control and shame of potty training etc

Question 15

Infancy Stage - Psychosocial

Answer 15

trust vs. mistrust - 0-1 years (do you trust those around you or do you feel timid)
autonomy vs. doubt - 2-3 years (are you independent and adventurous or timid)

Question 16

Infancy Attachment Types

Answer 16

secure - upset then comfort
avoidant - indifferent
disorganized - a mix of any type

Question 17

Childhood Stage - Morality stages

Answer 17

1. want to avoid punishments
2. want to get rewarded

Question 18

Childhood Stage - Psychosexual

Answer 18

phallic stage - 3-7 years old, consisting of comparisons, oedipus and electra complexes

Question 19

Childhood Stage - Psychosocial

Answer 19

initiative vs. guilt (leader or follower) - ages 3-6

Question 20

Late Childhood - Morality

Answer 20

conventional (i want to conform and follow the rules of others)

Question 21

Late Childhood - Psychosocial

Answer 21

industriousness vs. inferiority (are you high achieving or less confident)

Question 22

Late Childhood - Cognition

Answer 22

concrete operational stage, logical and mathematical problems

Question 23

Adolescence - Physical

Answer 23

puberty (growth spurts, menarche/semenarche, secondary sex characteristics)

Question 24

Adolescence - Psychosexual

Answer 24

genital stage - a sense of sexuality

Question 25

Adolescence - Psychosocial

Answer 25

identity vs. confusion

Question 26

Adolescence - Cognition

Answer 26

formal operational (abstract/hypothetical/ deductive thought) and adolescent egocentrism (imaginary audience, invincibility, importance)

Question 27

Emerging Adulthood - Morality

Answer 27

post-conventional stages and more mature moral compass develops

Question 28

Emerging Adulthood - Cognition

Answer 28

brain development is at peak intellectual capacity

Question 29

Emerging Adulthood - Psychosocial

Answer 29

intimacy vs. isolation
romantic relationships and feelings of jealousy, fear of commitment, trust, security

Question 30

Middle Adulthood - Psychosocial

Answer 30

generativity vs. stagnation (worthiness of work and career choices)

Question 31

Middle Adulthood - Attachment

Answer 31

parents act as either secure, brick-wall parents, or jellyfish parents
also face marriage and divorce

Question 32

Elderhood - Psychosocial

Answer 32

integrity vs. despair - on your deathbed, you consider whether your life was meaningful and fulfilling