Chapter 9: Solutions

Question 1

Solutions are _______ mixtures of two or more substances

Answer 1

homogeneous

Question 2

_____ form when there is sufficient attraction between the solute and solvent molecules

Answer 2

solutions

Question 3

____ have two components: the _____ which is present in much a much larger amount, and the _____, present in a smaller amount

Answer 3

Solutions, solvent, solute

Question 4

Solutes may be _____, _____, or _____

Answer 4

liquids, gases, or solids

Question 5

_____ are spread evenly throughout the solution

Answer 5

Solutes

Question 6

______ mix with solvents, so the ____ and solvent have the same physical state

Answer 6

Solutes

Question 7

_____ cannot be separated by filtration, but can be separated by _______

Answer 7

Solutes, evaporation

Question 8

Are solutes visible? ___, but can give the ____ a color.

Answer 8

No, but can give color to a solution

Question 9

What is one of the most common solvents in nature?

Answer 9

Water

Question 10

Why is water a polar molecule?

Answer 10

Because of Polar O—-H bonds

Question 11

____ molecules form hydrogen bonds

Answer 11

water

Question 12

“like dissolves like” this refers to which rule?

Answer 12

Solutions will form when the solute and solvent have similar polarities

Question 13

Is Methanol a polar molecular compound?

Answer 13

Yes (CHv3——-OH)

Question 14

A 0.9% NaCl solution is _____ with the solute concentration of the blood cells of the body

Answer 14

Isotonic

Question 15

_____ are transparent, do not separate, and contain small particles, ions, or molecules that cannot be filtered and pass through semipermeable membranes

Answer 15

Solutions

Question 16

Are solutions transparant?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

Can solutions separate?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

What contains small particles, ions, or molecules that cannot be filtered, and pass through semipermeable membranes?

Answer 18

Solutions

Question 19

_______ have medium sized particles, cannot be filtered, and can be separated by semipermeable membranes

Answer 19

Colloids

Question 20

Can colloids be separated by semipermeable membranes?

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

Can colloids be filtered?

Answer 21

No

Question 22

Colloids have which size particles?

Answer 22

Medium-sized

Question 23

_______ are heterogeneous, nonuniform mixtures, have very large particles that settle out of solution, can be filtered, and must be stirred to stay suspended

Answer 23

Suspensions

Question 24

One example of suspensions?

Answer 24

Blood platelets

Question 25

Muddy water and calamine lotion are examples of ________

Answer 25

suspensions

Question 26

Do suspensions state suspended no matter what?

Answer 26

No, they need to be stirred

Question 27

Are suspensions heterogeneous or homo?

Answer 27

Hetero

Question 28

What size particles do suspensions contain?

Answer 28

Large, very large

Question 29

Can suspensions be filtered?

Answer 29

Yes

Question 30

In _______, water flows from a lower solute concentration to a higher concentration

Answer 30

Osmosis

Question 31

Water, a solvent, flows from a lower to a higher solute concentration. This is called _____

Answer 31

osmosis

Question 32

In osmosis, the level of the solutions with the higher concentration ____

Answer 32

rises

Question 33

In ______, the concentrations of the two solutions become equal with time

Answer 33

osmosis

Question 34

____ _____ is equal to the pressure that would prevent the flow of additional water into the more concentrated solution

Answer 34

Osmotic pressure

Question 35

_____ _____ is greater as the number of dissolved particles in the solution increases

Answer 35

Osmotic pressure

Question 36

An _____ _____ exerts the same osmotic pressure as body fluids such as red blood cells.

Answer 36

isotonic solution

Question 37

An _____ _____ of 5.0%(m/v) glucose or 0.90% (m/v) NaCl is a typical _____ _____

Answer 37

Isotonic solution x 2

Question 38

Name a typical isotonic solution of glucose

Answer 38

5.0% (m/v)

Question 39

Name a typical isotonic solution of NaCl

Answer 39

.90%(m/v)

Question 40

A _____ _____ has a lower solute concentration than RBC's (red blood cells)

Answer 40

hypotonic solution

Question 41

A _____ _____ means water flows INTO cells by osmosis

Answer 41

Hypotonic solution

Question 42

With a hypotonic solution, the increase in fluid causes the RBC's to swell and burst, which is a condition called ______

Answer 42

Hemolysis

Question 43

A _____ ______ has a higher solute concentration than RBC's.

Answer 43

Hypertonic solution

Question 44

A hypertonic solution causes ______, in which RBC's shrink in size

Answer 44

crenation

Question 45

In a hypertonic solution, water goes out of the cells by ______, and this causes crenation.

Answer 45

osmosis

Question 46

In _______, solvent and small solute particles pass through an artificial membrane.

Answer 46

dialysis

Question 47

In ______, large particles are retained inside

Answer 47

dialysis

Question 48

In ______, waste particles, such as urea from blood, are removed using _______ (artificial kidney)

Answer 48

Dialysis, hemodialysis

Question 49

- solvent and small solute particles pass through an artificial membrane. - Large particles are retained inside - Waste particles are removed using hemodialysis. These are characteristics of _______

Answer 49

dialysis

Question 50

Indicate whether each of the following is isotonic, hypo, or hyper: 1. 2% NaCl sol 2. 1% glucose sol 3. 0.5% NaCl sol 4. 5% glucose sol

Answer 50

1. hyper 2. hypo 3. hypo 4. isotonic

Question 51

Indicate whether there is no change, hemolysis occurs, or crenation occurs: 1. 5% glucose 2. 1% glucose 3. 0.5% NaCl 4. 2% NaCl

Answer 51

1. No change (iso) 2. hemolysis 3. hemolysis 4. crenation

Question 52

_____ electrolytes dissociate 100% in water, producing positive and negative ions

Answer 52

Strong electrolytes

Question 53

____ electrolytes form solutions that conduct an electric current strong enough to light a bulb

Answer 53

Strong

Question 54

____ electrolytes dissociate only slightly in water

Answer 54

weak

Question 55

____ electrolytes form a solution with a few ions and mostly ions from undissociated molecules

Answer 55

Weak

Question 56

________ dissolve as molecules in water, do not produce ions in water, and do not conduct an electric current

Answer 56

Nonelectrolytes

Question 57

What is an equivalent?

Answer 57

An Eq is the amount of an electrolyte or an ion that provides 1 mole of electrical charge (+ or- ). In solution, the charge of the positive ions is always balanced by the charge of the negative ions

Question 58

The concentrations of electrolytes in intravenous fluids are expressed in _______ per liter (mEq/L)

Answer 58

milliequivalent. 1 Eq= 1,000mEq

Question 59

A solution containing 25mEq/l of Na+ and 4 mEq/l of K+ has a total positive charge of? The Cl- as the only anion must also have the same concentration.

Answer 59

29mEq/L

Question 60

_______ is the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a specific amount of solvent

Answer 60

Solubility

Question 61

______ is temperature sensitive for solutes

Answer 61

solubility

Question 62

____ is expressed as grams of solute in grams of solvent, usually water

Answer 62

solubility

Question 63

g of solute/100g water is the expression for ______

Answer 63

solubility

Question 64

_______ solutions contain less than the maximum amount of solute

Answer 64

unsaturated

Question 65

______ solutions can dissolve more solute

Answer 65

unsaturated

Question 66

_______ solutions contain the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve

Answer 66

saturated

Question 67

______ solutions have undissolved solute at the bottom of the container

Answer 67

saturated

Question 68

_____ solutions contain solute that dissolves as well as solute that recrystallizes in an equilibrium process

Answer 68

saturated

Question 69

Which law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of that gas above the liquid?

Answer 69

Henry's law

Question 70

Which law states that at higher pressures, more gas molecules dissolve in the liquid

Answer 70

Henry's law

Question 71

What does Henry's law state?

Answer 71

That the solubility of a gas (the ability to dissolve) in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of that gas above the liquid. And that at higher pressures, more gas molecules dissolve in the liquid. I.e soda in a soda can shaken up

Question 72

The concentration of a solution is expressed as: amount of solute/amount of solution. True?

Answer 72

Yes

Question 73

List some units of concentration

Answer 73

Mass percent, m/m Volume percent (v/v) Mass/Volume percent (m/v) Molarity (moles solute/liters solution)

Question 74

(m/m) = g of solute/g of solute + g solvent x 100%. This is _______

Answer 74

mass percent

Question 75

What is the conversion factor for mass percent?

Answer 75

Mass percent = g of solute / 100g of solution

Question 76

v/v = mL of solute/mL of solution x 100. This is what concentration formula?

Answer 76

Volume percent

Question 77

m/v = g of solute/mL of solution x 100. This is the concentration formula for?

Answer 77

Mass/volume percent

Question 78

_______ is defined as the moles of solute per volume (L) of solution.

Answer 78

Molarity

Question 79

(Moles of solute/liter of solution) refers to _______

Answer 79

Molarity

Question 80

M = moles of solute/liter of solution. This is _______

Answer 80

Molarity

Question 81

A 1.0M solution of NaCl is defined as:

Answer 81

M= 1.0 mole NaCl/1 L solution

Question 82

In ______, water is added, the volume of the solution increases but the concentration decreases, and the mass solute in the solution remains the same

Answer 82

Dilution