Chapter 9- States Of Consciousness

Question 1

William James

Answer 1

Referred to consciousness as the stream of thought

Question 2

Robert Strenberg

Answer 2

Refers to consciousness as a mental reality that we create in order to adapt to the world

Question 3

Consciousness 2 important functions

Answer 3

1. Responsible for monitoring, or keeping track of ourselves, our environment, and our relationship with the environment.
2. Serves as a controlling role, planning our responses to the information gathered by monitoring

Question 4

Preconscious level

Answer 4

Contains information that is available to consciousness but is not always in consciousness; can be retrieved when needed

Question 5

Continuum

Answer 5

Controlled processing, automatic processing, daydreaming, meditation, sleep, dreaming, coma, unconsciousness

Question 6

Controlled processing

Answer 6

Where we are aware of what we are doing

Question 7

Automatic processing

Answer 7

Where we perform tasks mechanically, such as brushing our teeth

Question 8

Sleep

Answer 8

An altered state of consciousness; necessary for restorative processes

Question 9

Melatonin

Answer 9

The neurochemical that plays a role in sleep

Question 10

Cycles without sleep

Answer 10

1-tolerable; 2-more difficult; 3-hallucinations and illusions begin; 4-paranoia and other psychological disturbances; all symptoms disappear when a person is allowed to sleep again

Question 11

Circadian rhythm

Answer 11

Sleep/wake cycle in relation to night/day; 24 hours cycle that our body temp and other physiological markers follow

Question 12

Free-running rhythm

Answer 12

A 25-hour rhythm we follow when time cues are removed

Question 13

External stimuli

Answer 13

Rapidly changing these stimuli, such as time zones, can disturb circadian rhythm

Question 14

Electroencephalograms (EEGs)

Answer 14

What brain waves are usually measured with

Question 15

Awake

Answer 15

Beta waves

Question 16

Awake but relaxed

Answer 16

Alpha waves

Question 17

Drift off to sleep

Answer 17

Theta waves

Question 18

Waves in stage 2

Answer 18

Sleep spindles appear occasionally broken up by K complexes- large slow waves

Question 19

Stage 3 and 4 waves

Answer 19

Delta waves with larger portion in stage 4

Question 20

REM sleep waves

Answer 20

Mostly theta and beta

Question 21

REM sleep

Answer 21

A very deep stage of sleep, characterized by suppressed skeletal muscle tone; referred to as paradoxical sleep

Question 22

Length of sleep cycle

Answer 22

90 minutes long

Question 23

William Dement

Answer 23

A sleep researcher who studied the effects of the deprivation of REM sleep by waking them up every time they entered a REM period

Question 24

REM rebound

Answer 24

Participants REM periods increased from the normal 90 minutes of REM per night to 120 minutes of REM sleep in the period immediately following the deprivation; reinforces the idea that we need to sleep

Question 25

Dyssomnias

Answer 25

Abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep

Question 26

Insomnia

Answer 26

The most common of the sleep disorders and represents the inability to fall asleep or to maintain sleep

Question 27

Narcolepsy

Answer 27

The inability to stay awake; a narcoleptic has irresistible and persistent urges to sleep throughout the day and at inappropriate times; cause is a dysfunction in the region of the hypothalamus that produces the neurotransmitter hypocretin

Question 28

Sleep apnea

Answer 28

A disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing while sleeping, which results in awakening after a minute or so without air

Question 29

SIDS

Answer 29

Sudden infant death syndrome; linked to sleep apnea

Question 30

Sleepwalking

Answer 30

Or somnambulism occurs when an individual walks around and sometimes even talks, while sleeping

Question 31

Freud hypothesis

Answer 31

Dreams are the expression of unconscious wishes or desires

Question 32

Manifest content

Answer 32

Storyline and imagery of the dream that offers insight into and important symbols relating to unconscious processes

Question 33

Latent content

Answer 33

The emotional significance and underlying meaning of the dream

Question 34

Activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming

Answer 34

Postulates that dreams are the product of our awareness of neural activity due to sensory input while we are sleeping

Question 35

Problem-solving theory of dreaming

Answer 35

Dreams provide a chance for the mind to work out issues that occupy its attention during waking hours

Question 36

Nightmare

Answer 36

And elaborate dream sequence that produces a high level of anxiety or fear for the dreamer; experiences a sense of physical danger; generally occur during REM sleep

Question 37

Night terrors

Answer 37

Occur in much deeper sleep states; these involve behaviors such as dreaming, crying, and jerking/lunging movements while asleep; person may also be quite mobile, going through all the motions of being attacked by some horror, and yet be fully asleep

Question 38

Hypnosis

Answer 38

An altered state of consciousness in which the hypnotized person is very relaxed and open to suggestion; a person who is hypnotized has no recollection of the hypnosis upon returning to normal consciousness

Question 39

Hilgard's theory of the hidden observer

Answer 39

Hypnosis somehow divides or dissociates the mind into two parts; one obey the hypnotist; other is the hidden observer that silently obeys everything

Question 40

Meditation

Answer 40

Techniques involved with learning to train ones attention; increased alpha and theta waves while they are meditating

Question 41

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

Answer 41

A protocol commonly used in the medical setting to help alleviate stress

Question 42

Dependence

Answer 42

Occurs when an individual continues using a drug despite overarching negative consequences in order to avoid unpleasant physical and/or psychological feelings associated with not taking it

Question 43

Enjoyable behaviors

Answer 43

Produce activity in dopamine circuits in the brain stem, most notably in the nucleus accumbens, the "pleasure center" of the brain

Question 44

Tolerance

Answer 44

Increasingly larger doses are needed in order for the same effect to occur

Question 45

Withdrawal

Answer 45

The process of weaning off a drug one has become dependent upon; often involves physical and psychological symptoms of a highly unpleasant nature

Question 46

State of consciousness

Answer 46

Enables us to evaluate the environment and to filter information from the environment through the mind, while being aware of the occurrence of this complex process