Chapter 9 - Thinking

Question 1

Predicting ones own emotional response to upcoming events

Answer 1

Affective forecasting

Question 2

An idea that shares some of the actual characteristics of the object it represents

Answer 2

Analogical representation

Question 3

In network-based models of mental representation, connections between the symbols (or nodes) in the network

Answer 3

Associative links

Question 4

The ability to do a task without paying attention to it

Answer 4

Automaticity

Question 5

A strategy for judging how frequently something happens, or how common it is based on how easily examples of it come to mind

Answer 5

Availability heuristic

Question 6

1) the tendency to seek evidence to support ones hypothesis rather than looking for evidence that will undermine it. 2) the tendency to take evidence that’s consistent with your beliefs more seriously than evidence that’s inconsistent with your beliefs

Answer 6

Confirmation bias

Question 7

Thinking aimed at a particular goal

Answer 7

Direct thinking

Question 8

The proposal that judgement involves two types of thinking: a fast, efficient, but sometimes faulty set of strategies, and a slower, more laborious, less risky set of strategies

Answer 8

Dual process theory

Question 9

The way a decision is phrased or the way options are described. Seemingly peripheral aspects of the framing can influence decisions by changing the point of reference.

Answer 9

Framing

Question 10

A strategy for making judgements quickly, at the price of the occasional mistake

Answer 10

Heuristics

Question 11

The process of extrapolating from evidence to draw conclusions

Answer 11

Judgement

Question 12

The strong tendency to regard losses as considerably more important than gains of comparable magnitude, and with this, a tendency to take steps to avoid possible loss.

Answer 12

Loss aversion

Question 13

A problem solving strategy in which you continually evaluate the difference between your current state and your goal, and consider how to use your resources to reduce the difference

Answer 13

Means-end analysis

Question 14

Mental representations that resemble the objects they represent by directly reflecting the perceptual qualities of the thing represented

Answer 14

Mental image

Question 15

Contents in the mind that stand for some object, event, or state of affairs

Answer 15

Mental representations

Question 16

The perspective that a person takes and the assumptions he makes in approaching a problem

Answer 16

Mental set

Question 17

In network-based models of mental representation, a “meeting place” for the various connections associated with a particular topic

Answer 17

Node

Question 18

1) a statement relating a subject and a claim about that subject. 2) a predicate-argument structure. In a sentence, the verb is the predicated act or state or noun phrases are its arguments, playing various semantic roles

Answer 18

Proposition

Question 19

The process of figuring out of the implications of particular beliefs

Answer 19

Reasoning

Question 20

A strategy for judging whether an individual, object, or event belongs in a certain category based on how typical of the category it seems to be

Answer 20

Representativeness heuristic

Question 21

A reorganization of a problem that can facilitate its solution; a characteristic of creative thought

Answer 21

Restructuring

Question 22

In decision making, seeking a satisfactory option rather than spending more time and effort to locate and select the ideal option

Answer 22

Satisfice

Question 23

The process through which activity in one node in a network flows outward to other nodes through associative links

Answer 23

Spreading activation

Question 24

In problem solving, specific procedures for solving familiar, well defined problems

Answer 24

Subroutines

Question 25

A logic problem containing two premises and a conclusion; the syllogism is valid if the conclusion follows logically from the premises

Answer 25

Syllogism

Question 26

A mental representation that stands for some content without sharing any characteristics with the thing it represents.

Answer 26

Symbolic representation

Question 27

In dual-process models of judgement, the fast, efficient, but sometimes faulty type of thinking

Answer 27

System 1

Question 28

In dual-process models of judgement, the slower, more effortful, and more accurate type of reasoning

Answer 28

System 2