Chapter 7 - Learning

Question 1

A response pattern in which an organism evaluates a reward relative to other available rewards or those that have been available recently

Answer 1

Behavioral contrast

Question 2

A result showing that an animal learns nothing about a stimulus if the stimulus provided no new information

Answer 2

Blocking effect

Question 3

A form of learning in which one stimulus is paired with another so that the organism learns a relationship between the stimuli

Answer 3

Classical conditioning

Question 4

A response that off sets the effects of the upcoming unconditioned stimulus

Answer 4

Compensatory response

Question 5

A response elicited by an initially natural stimulus; the conditioned stimulus; after it has been paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus US

Answer 5

Conditioned response

Question 6

An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a new response due to pairings with the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

Conditioned stimulus

Question 7

An aspect of learning in which the organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that have been associated with a US (or reinforcement), and stimuli that have not

Answer 7

Discrimination

Question 8

An increase in responsiveness when something novel is presented, following a series of presentations of something familiar

Answer 8

Dishabituation

Question 9

The weakening of a learned response that is produced if a CS is now repeatedly presented without the US, or a previously reinforced operant behavior is no longer reinforced

Answer 9

Extinction

Question 10

A decline in the response to a stimulus once the stimulus has become familiar

Answer 10

Habituation

Question 11

A stimulus signaling that an event is not coming, which elicits a response opposite to the one that the event usually elicits

Answer 11

Inhibitor

Question 12

A form if learning in which the participant receives a reinforcer only after performing the desired response, and thereby learns a relationship between the response and the reinforcer

Answer 12

Instrumental/operant conditioning

Question 13

A pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain amount of time has passed

Answer 13

Interval schedule

Question 14

Learning that occurs without a corresponding change in behavior

Answer 14

Latent learning

Question 15

Thorndikes theory that a response followed by a reward will be strengthened, whereas a response followed by no reward will be weakened

Answer 15

Law of effect

Question 16

A condition of passivity apparently created by exposure to inescapable aversive events. This condition inhibits or prevents learning in layer situations in which escape or avoidance us possible

Answer 16

Learned helplessness

Question 17

A long lasting increase in a neurons response to specific inputs, caused by repeated stimulation

Answer 17

Long-term potential (LTP)

Question 18

Neurons that fire whenever an animal performs an action, such as stretch out its arm or reaching towards a target, and also whenever the animal watches another performing the same action

Answer 18

Mirror neurons

Question 19

The process of watching how others behave and learning from their example

Answer 19

Observational learning

Question 20

In skinners system, an instrumental response that is defined by its effect (the way it operates) on the environment

Answer 20

Operant

Question 21

A learning condition in which only some of the organisms responses are reinforced

Answer 21

Partial reinforcement

Question 22

Learning that occurs without extensive training because of an evolved predisposition to the behavior

Answer 22

Prepared learning

Question 23

A process, documented in studies in Aplysia, that underlines many kinds of learning. It occurs When learning results in an increased release of neurotransmitter into the synapse

Answer 23

Presynaptic facilitation

Question 24

A pattern of delivering reinforcement inly after a certain number of responses

Answer 24

Ratio schedule

Question 25

A stimulus delivered after a response that makes the response more likely in the future

Answer 25

Reinforcer

Question 26

The rules about how often and under what conditions a response will be reinforced

Answer 26

Schedule of reinforcement

Question 27

A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is first made meaningful through classical conditioning. then that stimulus the CS is paired with the new neutral stimulus until the new stimulus also elicits the conditioned response

Answer 27

Second order conditioning

Question 28

The process of eliciting a desired response by rewarding behaviors that are increasingly similar to that response

Answer 28

Shaping

Question 29

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period in which no further conditioning trials have been presented

Answer 29

Spontaneous recovery

Question 30

The tendency for stimuli similar to those used during learning to elicit a reaction similar to the learned response

Answer 30

Stimulus generalization

Question 31

A form of learning in which an organism learns to avoid a taste after just one pairing of that taste with illness

Answer 31

Taste aversion learning

Question 32

A response elicited by unconditioned stimulus without prior training

Answer 32

Unconditioned response

Question 33

Is stimulus that reliably triggers a particular response without prior training

Answer 33

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 34

A form of learning in which the learner acquires a conditioned response merely by observing another participant being conditioned

Answer 34

Vicarious conditioning