Chapter 14 - Development

Question 1

The fertilized egg, formed by the union of sperm and egg

Answer 1

Zygote

Question 2

The third through eight week of prenatal development

Answer 2

Embryonic stage

Question 3

The tubular structure formed early in the embryonic stage from which the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) develops

Answer 3

Neural tube

Question 4

The prenatal period from the nonetheless week until birth

Answer 4

Fetal stage

Question 5

Environmental factors that can disrupt healthy neural development. These include lead, alcohol,& cigarette smoke

Answer 5

Teratogens

Question 6

A developmental disorder that effects childern whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy. It’s effects include a range of psychological problems and physical abnormalities

Answer 6

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 7

An infantile reflex in which an infant closes her hand into a fist when her palm is touched

Answer 7

grasp reflex

Question 8

in an infant, the sucking elicited by stroking applied on or around the lips, the reflex aids breast feeding

Answer 8

rooting reflex

Question 9

an infantile reflex in which an infant sucks on whatever is placed in its mouth

Answer 9

sucking reflex

Question 10

In Piaget’s theory, the period of cognitive development from birth to about 2 years, in which the child has not yet achieved object permanence

Answer 10

sensorimotor period

Question 11

the conviction that an object exists even when it is out of sight

Answer 11

object permanence

Question 12

the tendency of infants to reach for a hidden object where it was previously hidden, rather than where it was hidden most recently while the child watched

Answer 12

A-not-B effect

Question 13

In piaget’s theory, the developing child’s process of interpreting the environment in terms of the schemas he already has

Answer 13

assimilation

Question 14

In Piaget’s theory, the developing child’s process of changing his schemas based on his interaction with the environment

Answer 14

accommodation

Question 15

In Piaget’s theory, the period from about 2 to 7, in which a child can think representationally, but cant yet relate these representations to each other or take a point of view other than her own

Answer 15

preoperational period

Question 16

In Piaget’s theory, the period from about 7-12 where the child is beginning to understand abstract ideas such as number and substance.

Answer 16

Concrete operational period

Question 17

A method for studying infant perception. After some exposure to a stimulus, an infant becomes habituated and stops paying attention to it. If the infant shows renewed interest when a new stimulus is presented, this reveals that the infant regard the new stimulus different from the old one

Answer 17

habituation procedure

Question 18

the set of interrelated concepts we use to make sense of our own thoughts, feelings and behaviors, as well as those of others

Answer 18

theory of mind

Question 19

a process of using others’ facial expressions as a cue about the situation

Answer 19

social referencing

Question 20

the strong, enduring, emotional bond between a child and its caregivers that some psychologists consider the basis for relationships in later life

Answer 20

attachment

Question 21

According to John Bowlby, the relationship in which the child feels safe and protected

Answer 21

secure base

Question 22

In many species, the learned attachment that is formed at a particular early period

Answer 22

imprinting

Question 23

an experimental procedure for assessing attachment, in which the child is allowed to explore an unfamiliar room with the mother present before the mother leaves for a few minutes, and then returns

Answer 23

strange situation

Question 24

a set of beliefs and expectations about how people behave in social relationships, and also guidelines for interpreting others actions, and habitual responses to make in social settings

Answer 24

internal working model

Question 25

the range of accomplishments that are beyond what the child can do on her own, but that she can achieve with help or guidance

Answer 25

zone of proximal development

Question 26

data that describe how individuals in a group interact

Answer 26

sociometric data

Question 27

the social status of children who are not respected or liked by peers and become aggressive as a result

Answer 27

agressive-rejected

Question 28

the social status of children who are not respected or liked by their peers and become anxious as a result

Answer 28

withdrawn-rejected

withdrawn-rejected

Question 29

According to Kohlberg, the first and second stages of moral reasoning, which are focused on getting rewards and avoiding punishments.

Answer 29

preconventional reasoning

Question 30

According to Kohlberg, the 3rd and 4th stages of moral reasoning, which are focused on social relationships, conventions and duties.

Answer 30

conventional reasoning

Question 31

according to Kohlberg, the 5th and 6th stages of moral reasoning, which are focused on ideals and broad moral principles

Answer 31

postconventional reasoning

Question 32

the period of physical and sexual maturation in which the child’s body begins to develop into its adult form

Answer 32

puberty

Question 33

bodily structures directly related to reproduction

Answer 33

primary sexual characteristics

Question 34

bodily structures that change with sexual maturity but are not directly related to reproduction

Answer 34

secondary sexual characteristics

Question 35

In Piagets theory, the period from about 12 on, in which a child can think abstractly and consider hypothetical possibilities

Answer 35

formal operational period

Question 36

According to Erikson, the major developmental task of adolecence is developing a stable ego identity, or sense of who one is. Failure results in developing a negative identity or in role confusion.

Answer 36

Identity versus role confusion

Question 37

A degenerative brain disorder characterized by memory loss followed by increasing disorientation and culminating in physical and mental helplessness.

Answer 37

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 38

According to Erikson, a major developmental task of early adulthood is developing an intimate relationship. Failure to do so may lead to isolation.

Answer 38

Intimacy versus isolation

Question 39

According to Erikson, the major developmental task of older age is finding meaning in the life that one has led. Success gives rise to a sense of integrity, whereas failure leads to despair

Answer 39

Integrity versus despair