Chapter Eight Flashcards
The musculoskeletal system allows movement
1
Q
What is the function of the musculoskeletal system
A
Maintains posture and produces movement which is achieved through a series of skeletal muscles that are able to contract out of will
2
Q
Muscle tissue content and function
A
- Highly specialised elongated cells which have elastic properties
- Provides source of power for movement and posture and alters the shape and size of internal organs
3
Q
How many muscles are in the human body
A
324
4
Q
3 types of muscle
A
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
5
Q
Function of skeletal muscle
A
Connects the various parts of the skeleton through one or more connective tissue tendons
6
Q
What happens to skeletal muscles when they contract
A
- Shorten and move various parts of the skeleton
- Repeated activation of this muscle can lead to fatigue
7
Q
How is skeletal muscle activated
A
Signals carried to the muscles via nerves
8
Q
Function of smooth muscle
A
Alters the activity of various body parts to meet the needs of the body at that time
9
Q
Contractions of smooth muscle
A
- Slow and uniform
- Fatigue resistant
10
Q
Where is smooth muscle located
A
Blood vessels, respiratory tract, inside the eye, and inside the gastro-intestinal tract
11
Q
Function of cardiac muscle
A
Provide the contractile activity of the heart
12
Q
Contractions of cardiac muscle
A
- Involuntary contractions and extremely fatigue resistant
- Contractile activity can be gradated
13
Q
The structure of skeletal muscle
A
Bundles of muscle cells surrounded by tough connective tissue
14
Q
Components of skeletal muscle
A
Muscle > Fascicle > Muscle fibre > Myofibril > Actin and myosin filaments
15
Q
Properties of muscles
A
- Contractability
- Elasticity
- Extensibility
- Excitability
16
Q
What happens when a muscle contracts
A
They shorten and the belly of the muscle increases in diameter
17
Q
Which muscle is responsible for the movements of the body
A
Skeletal muscle
18
Q
How are skeletal muscles attached to the bones
A
- Attached to both ends
- One end is fixed to the stationary bone and is called the origin
- The other end is attached to the moving bone and is called the insertion
19
Q
How do skeletal muscles move
A
In pairs
20
Q
Agonist (Prime mover)
A
The muscle or group of muscles that contract to produce a desired effect
21
Q
Antagonist
A
The muscle or group of muscles that relaxes to oppose the action of agonist muscles
22
Q
Synergist
A
The muscles surrounding the joint being moved
23
Q
Fixators
A
The muscle or group of muscles that steady joints closer to the body axis so the desired action can occur
24
Q
Stabiliser (Fixator muscles)
A
Muscles that are needed to ensure the stabilisation of other parts of the body or bone during movement
25
How many directions can a muscle contract
ONE
26
How is voluntary movement of the body produced
The contraction of muscles (after relaying of an impulse generated in cerebellum)
27
Sliding filament model
- When a muscle contracts the sarcomeres shorten
- 2 lines are drawn closer together
- 'A' band remains the same length as the myosin filaments don't move
- Fibrils shorten as the microfilaments overlap more
28
Does the sliding filament model require ATP
Yes
29
How are skeletal muscles controlled
Messages are sent through motor neurons
30
Motor neurons
- Cell bodies in brain and spinal cord
- Axons extend to muscle
- At muscles is the ends of axon branches which each go into different muscle fibres
- Each part of muscle fibre receives messages from only one motor neuron
31
How do muscle fibres contract together
When a nerve impulse carries to the end of an axon it is conducted along all units of the branches so all the connected muscle fibres contract together
32
Motor unit
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibres stimulated by it
33
How are motor units precise in movement
They are extremely small
34
How are motor units strong
They are large
35
How do motor units work if a muscle contracts for a long period of time
They work in shifts
36
What is a skeletal framework
Bone and cartilage that provides protection, support and movement
37
Functions of bones
- Support the body
- Protection of soft body parts
- Movement (due to attached skeletal muscles)
- Storage of minerals and fats
- Blood cell production
38
Movement of bones
Where the bones meet in such a way that they are able to move relative to each other
39
Protection by bones
- A number of bones are designed to provide protection for vital organs (skull, spinal cord etc)
- Articulation with other bones helps with movement
40
Support by bones
Without bones we would have no structure and support and would be a bag of jelly with no shape or movement
41
Storage by bones
- Stores minerals and fats
- Calcium is stored in the bone and removed when the diet is limited in calcium
42
Blood cell production in bones
The marrow found within certain bone is also involved in the production of a number of blood cell types
43
Axial skeleton (S.F)
- Skull, vertebral column, ribs & sternum
- Supports and protects organs of the head, neck and trunk
44
Appendicular skeleton (S)
- Bones of limbs and bones that anchor them to the axial skeleton
- Arms, Legs and Pelvis
45
Atricultation
Where joints meet, connect and are formed
46
How many bones are in the human body
206
47
What are the two types of bone
- Compact bone
- Spongy bone
48
Compact bone
A dense form of bone
49
Spongy bone
- Also called cancellous bone
- Bone that contains large spaces; appears 'spongy'
50
Cartilage
Smooth elastic tissue that covers the ends of joints for protection
51
Where is cartilage found (structurally)
Trachea, nose, outside of ear and bronchi
52
Function of cartilage
Provides strength, flexibility and cushioning where bones meet on the surface of bones and joints
53
What is the process of crating new bone called
Ossification
54
What are osteoblasts
The cells involved in growing new bone
55
What are osteoclasts
The cells involved in the break done of old bone
56
Another name for growth plate of a bone
Epiphysial line
57
Tendons
Fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone
58
Ligaments
Fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
59
Joints
The site where two or more bones meet
60
How are joints classified
Through evaluation of their function and structure
61
Types of joints
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
62
Fibrous joints
- Connective tissue joins bones
- NO movement/immovable
- Found in skull
- Short fibres
63
Cartilaginous joints
Joints held in place by cartilage which allow slight movement to occur
- Vertebra
64
Synovial joints
Freely moving, which is limited by the ligaments, muscles, tendons and adjoining bone
65
What are the 6 types of synovial joints
- Hinge
- Ball and socket
- Gliding
- Saddle
- Condyloid
- Pivot
66
Hinge joints
- Allows movement on one plane only
- Allows extension and retraction of appendage
- Elbow & knee
67
Ball and socket joint
- Forms when a spherical head of one bone fits into the cup cavity of another
- Allows for radial movement in almost any direction (360)
- Hips & shoulders
68
Gliding joints
- Allows for movement in any direction in a side-side/back-forth motion
- Between carpal bones, tarsal bones, scapula, clavicle & sternum
69
Saddle joints
- Thumb joining the palm of the hand
- The two bones forming the joint are saddle shaped- concave in one direction convex in the opposite
- They fit together in a way that allows side-side & back-forth movements
70
Condyloid joints
- The oval surface of one joint fits into the depression in another
- Wrist, knuckles, fingers & toes
71
Pivot joints
- Formed when the rounded end of one bone articulates within a ring which is formed from bone and ligament
- Allows for a rotational movement
72
Synovial fluid
Prevents friction by lubricating the joint and preventing bones from moving on each other
73
Articular cartilage
Covers articulating surfaces of the bones forming the joint. The tissue provides a smooth surface for movement
74
Capsule
- Dense fibrous tissue attached to the periosteum of the articulating bones
- Flexible to allows movement at the joint whereas its strength resists dislocation
- The capsule is also one of the structures that holds two bones together
75
Osteoporosis
The loss of bone mass/density which leads to more frequent bone fractures
76
Osteoarthritis
The gradual degeneration of the joints in which cartilage deteriorates
77
Is osteoarthritis treatable
No. There is no cure, however pain relieving medication, physiotherapy, surgery or joint replacement surgery may help the issue
78
Is osteoporosis treatable
Yes. Lifestyle changes that increase calcium and vitamin D and medication
79
What bones does osteoporosis most effect
Ribs, wrist, vertebrae, pelvis and upper arm
80
How do bone spurs occur
When the cartilage deteriorates and the bone surfaces are no longer protected they begin to wear away which changes the shape of them and causes these spurs
81
Does obesity have an effect on osteoarthritis or osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
82
Function of long bones
- Gives strength to act as scaffold to support weight of the body
- Points of attachment for muscles allowing movement
- Protects internal organs
- Bone marrow produces blood cells
- Stores/releases minerals (in bone)
- Stores/releases fats (yellow marrow)
83
Structure of long bones (external)
- Epiphysis
- Diaphysis
- Epiphysis
- Cartilage
84
Structure of long bones (internal)
- Spongy bone
- Red marrow
- Medullary cavity (hollow)
- Yellow marrow
- Periosteum
- Compact bone
- Longitudinal section of long bone
85
Diaphysis
The shaft making up the main portion of the bone
86
Epiphysis
The enlarged end of the bone, covered with a thin layer or cartilage
87
Periosteum
The dense white fibrous outer covering of the bone
88
Structure of compact bone
Osteons or Haversian systems
89
Osteon structures
- Central canal
- Lamellae
- Lacunae
- Osteocytes
- Canaliculi
- Blood capillaries, nerves and lymph capillaries
90
Lamellae
Concentric layers of bony matrix surrounding the central canal in an osteon
91
Lacunae
Small spaces between the lamellae
92
Osteocyte
A bone cell
93
Canaliculi
Tiny canals running between the lacunae
94
Structure of spongy bone
- Irregular, thin, bony plates called trabeculae
- Nerves and blood vessels pass through the irregular spaces in the matrix
95
Structure of cartliage
- Collagen
- Chondrin
- Chondroblasts
96
Collagen
A protein that creates fibres
97
Chondrin
Protein fibres formed with collagen are embedded in a firm matrix of protein- carbohydrate complex this complex is called chondrin
98
Chondroblasts
Cartilage cells
99
Three types of cartilage
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibrocartilage
100
Hyaline cartilage
- Contains closely packed collagenous fibres which are very fine
- They give cartilage strength and flexibility
- Trache, bronchi, cartilage at the end of bones where a joint is formed
101
Elastic cartilage
- Conspicuous elastic fibres
- Contains similar fibres to hyaline cartilage but not so closely packed
- Provides flexible elastic support
- Springy
- Ear
102
Fibrocartilage
- Coarse appearance, thick collagenous fibres
- Not as compact as hyaline cartilage and is able to be compressed slightly
- Spinal column discs
103
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
104
Adduction
Movement towards the midline of the body
105
Flexion
- Decreases the angle between the articulating bones
- Bones come closer together
106
Extension
- Increases the angle between the articulating bones
- Bones move further apart
107
Rotation
The movement of a bone around its long axis
108
Meniscus
A cartilaginous disc found in the knee joint; divides into two parts
