Chapter One

Question 1

How do scientists investigate

Answer 1

• Literature Review
• Observation
• Classification
• Experimentation

Question 2

What is a hypothesis

Answer 2

A statement of the expected relationship between the independent and dependent variable that can be tested

Question 3

A good hypothesis is

Answer 3

• Short
• A statement (not a question)
• A single idea that can be tested
• Linking the independent and dependent variables

Question 4

What is quantitative data

Answer 4

Measurement of a numerical value

Question 5

What is qualitative data

Answer 5

A direct observation

Question 6

How is data presented

Answer 6

• Tables
• Graphs

Question 7

Types of graphs

Answer 7

• Line Graph > continuous data (length, time, pH, volume)
• Bar/Column > discrete data
• Histogram > represents frequencies

Question 8

What is validity

Answer 8

• The validity of the method and therefore the conclusion
• Fairly tests the hypothesis so the only factors affecting results in the independent variable

Question 9

What is accuracy

Answer 9

How correct or true the measurements are

Question 10

Reliability

Answer 10

How similar the results for trials of the same test after multiple attempts + comparing measurements

Question 11

Experimental errors

Answer 11

• Human Error
• Random Error
• Systematic Error

Question 12

Human error

Answer 12

A mistake. Human errors are not part of experimental errors and should be avoidable with extreme care and checking

Question 13

Random errors

Answer 13

Unpredictable errors that can occur during an experiment. They occur as no measurement can be taken with absolute precision
- They can be minimised through averaging

Question 14

Systematic errors

Answer 14

Occur due to the experiment design or problems with equipment- the measurement will always be too high or too low

Question 15

VIRCA

Answer 15

V- voluntary participation
I- Informed consent
R- Risk of harm
C- Confidentiality
A- Anonymity

Question 16

Placebo

Answer 16

An inactive substance that looks like the real medication

Question 17

What is the placebo effect

Answer 17

When patients show improvement even though the substance is inactive

Question 18

Blind experiment

Answer 18

The testing party is unaware if they are given the placebo or the real medication

Question 19

Double blind experiment

Answer 19

The experimenters and the testing party are both unaware who had been given the placebo

Question 20

Independent variable

Answer 20

The variable being tested/changed

Question 21

Dependent variable

Answer 21

The variable being measured

Question 22

Controlled variable

Answer 22

The unchanging variables

Question 23

Conclusion (def)

Answer 23

A judgment or decision reached by reasoning

Question 24

Generalisation (def)

Answer 24

A general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases

Question 25

Field of view (def)

Answer 25

The maximum area visible when looking through the microscope eyepiece

Question 26

Magnification (def)

Answer 26

The action or process of magnifying something

Question 27

Micrograph (def)

Answer 27

A photo taken by the means of a microscope

Question 28

Monocular (def)

Answer 28

With for, or in, one eye

Question 29

Prediction (def)

Answer 29

A thing predicted

Question 30

Scientific Method (Steps)

Answer 30

1- Problem Recognition 2- Information Collected 3- Hypothesis Made 4- Hypothesis Tested 5- Data Recorded 6- Conclusion Made

Question 31

TPLUGS

Answer 31

T- Title P- Plotting data correctly L- Label axes U- Units of measurement G- Graph is appropriate S- Scale is consistent

Question 32

What is science

Answer 32

- A process of inquiry - A body of knowledge

Question 33

Areas of human biology

Answer 33

- Anatomy - Anthropology - Archeology - Biochemistry - Cytology - Demography - Embryology - Genetics - Molecular Biology - Nutrition - Palaeontology - Physiology - Prehistory - Primatology - Psychology - Sociology

Question 34

What is a literature review

Answer 34

A review of books, scientific journals and the internet to understand what information has already been collected by others

Question 35

What is an observation

Answer 35

Information gathered using the senses or instruments that enhance the senses

Question 36

What is classification

Answer 36

Placing things in groups based on the similarity in their characteristics

Question 37

What is experimentation

Answer 37

Proposing a hypothesis that can be a possible solution or explanation to a problem

Question 38

Confidentiality

Answer 38

Identities of participants remain unknown to those not directly involved with the study

Question 39

Anyonymity

Answer 39

The participants remain unknown even to those involved in the research

Question 40

Voluntary participation

Answer 40

People should not be pressured to take part in the research

Question 41

Informed consent

Answer 41

Participants should be fully informed of the objectives of the research, the procedures and any possible risks/benefits; consent in writing is required after participant is aware of these factors

Question 42

Risk of harm

Answer 42

Possibility of harm should be minimised and the relationship between risk and benefit should be closely assessed