Chapter Eight, Test Three

Question 1

where does transcription occur

Answer 1

in nucleus

Question 2

where does mRNA processing occur

Answer 2

in nucleus

Question 3

where does translation occur

Answer 3

in cytoplasm

Question 4

where does posttranslational modifications occur

Answer 4

cytoplasm

Question 5

what is interesting about the nuclear envelope

Answer 5

has pores allowing mRNA to move into cytoplasm

Question 6

what is the simplest possible code

Answer 6

a 3 letter code

showing 64 combinations with redundancy

Question 7

what was an early hypothesis with the genetic code

Answer 7

overlapping code

Question 8

what is a frame shift mutation

Answer 8

a single nucleotide deletion or insertion causing the read of codes to shift

Question 9

what allows frame shifts to work

Answer 9

3 deletions, allows area behind mutation to stay the same

Question 10

what is mRNA

Answer 10

messenger

Question 11

what RNA is the most diverse in composition

Answer 11

mRNA

Question 12

what RNA makes up 85 to 90% of cellular RNA

Answer 12

rRNA

from the nucleolar organizer in nucleus

Question 13

what RNA makes up about 5% of the cellular RNA

Answer 13

tRNA

Question 14

what RNA is 70 to 80 nucleotides long

Answer 14

tRNA

Question 15

what RNA has at least 20 types

Answer 15

tRNA

Question 16

what is the ribosome composition in prokaryotic cells

Answer 16

30 s + 50 s = 70 s

Question 17

what is the ribosome composition of eukaryotic cells

Answer 17

40 s + 60 s = 80s

Question 18

transcription of a gene is what

Answer 18

asymmetric

only one strand is copied

Question 19

the nontemplate strand is also called what and the prime numbers

Answer 19

5’ to 3’

coding strand

Question 20

the template strand prime numbers

Answer 20

3’ to 5’

Question 21

mRNA prime numbers

Answer 21

5’ to 3’

Question 22

how were amino acids discovered

Answer 22

use repeat nucleotides to determine what aa you got

Question 23

what are the stop codons

Answer 23

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 24

what is a nonsense mutation

Answer 24

point mutation turned amino acid codon into stop codon

Question 25

what are the three steps in transcription

Answer 25

initiation, elongation and termination

Question 26

how does transcription start

Answer 26

RNA pol binds to promoter on DNA creating holoenzyme complex

Question 27

what is the open promoter complex

Answer 27

rna Pol holoenzyme and unwound nucleotides

Question 28

what is needed for RNA pol to get started

Answer 28

2 nucleotides added to 5'

Question 29

when is end of initiation

Answer 29

when RNA pol releases sigma subunit

Question 30

what makes a RNA pol

Answer 30

2 alpha, 1 beta, 1 beta prime, and sigma

Question 31

what is needed for RNA holoenzyme

Answer 31

sigma factor

Question 32

what happens when sigma factor is release from holoenzyme

Answer 32

RNA pol can move down DNA creating open complex

Question 33

where are nucleotides added by RNA pol

Answer 33

3'

Question 34

what are intrinsic terminators

Answer 34

cause RNA pol to terminate transcription on its own

Question 35

what are extrinsic terminators

Answer 35

RNA pol require additional proteins such as Rho

Question 36

without Rho how does transcription stop

Answer 36

hairpin loops, signal release of mRNA

Question 37

what are Tata boxes

Answer 37

prinbow boxes

Question 38

what are basal transcription factors

Answer 38

bind to parts of DNA such as promoters to activate transcription transcription factors that bind to promoters in eukaryotes

Question 39

what are enhancers

Answer 39

bind to activation proteins

Question 40

what are repressor proteins

Answer 40

can deactivate transcription by binding to promoter

Question 41

What are the ways rna is processed

Answer 41

methylated cap poly-a tail splicing

Question 42

what happens in methylated capping

Answer 42

methyl transferase adds methyl group to guanine and proceeding nucleotide

Question 43

what happens in poly-a-tail

Answer 43

ribonuclease cleaves primary transcript to form new 3' end and poly-a-polymerase addes A's to 3' end to help stabilize mRNA

Question 44

how does splicing work

Answer 44

cut splice donor 3' end is the acceptor splice donor attaches to "A" at the branch site forming lariat 2nd cut at acceptor which removes intron

Question 45

what helps with splicing

Answer 45

splicesome

Question 46

what is a spliceosome made of

Answer 46

small nuclear proteins (SNRPs) and SnRNA which brings exons together

Question 47

how are the anticodons arranged on tRNA

Answer 47

3' to 5'

Question 48

where is amino acid attached to on tRNA

Answer 48

3'

Question 49

what attaches aa to tRNA with a covalent bond

Answer 49

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

Question 50

what is a charged tRNA

Answer 50

amino acid attached to tRNA

Question 51

what is wobble

Answer 51

some tRNAs can recognize more than one codon 3' end of codon not important 5' end of anticodon not important

Question 52

what binds to mRNA for transcription

Answer 52

30s inititally

Question 53

what does 50s ribosome do

Answer 53

peptidyl transferase which catalyzes formation of peptide bonds joining aa

Question 54

in prokaryotes what is the start codon for mRNA

Answer 54

formylmethionine

Question 55

how does ribosome move along mRNA

Answer 55

5' to 3'

Question 56

what is the binding site for codon in prokaryote

Answer 56

shine-dalgarno box

Question 57

what is the start codon for translation

Answer 57

AUG

Question 58

what does the initiator tRNA carry

Answer 58

fmet