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Genetics 2.0 > Chapter six, test two > Flashcards

Chapter six, test two Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

where does the nitrogenous base bond with on the sugar

A

1’ carbon

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2
Q

what phage did hershey and chase use

A

T2

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3
Q

what does the backbone of Z DNA look like

A

zigzag, irregular

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4
Q

the two chains of DNA wrap around each other once every how many BP

A

10

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5
Q

number of H bonds between A and T

A

2

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6
Q

function of replisome

A

help unwind dna with helicase to form leading and lagging strand

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7
Q

what was hershey and chase experiment

A

grew two types of T2 one with radioactive phosphorous and one with radioactive sulphur centrifuge the two together to see ghost made of protein was marked with sulphur and DNA marked with phosphorous

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8
Q

how can you get genetic info without unwinding DNA

A

some atoms on major and minor groove are exposed and provide chemical info

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9
Q

if overwinding happens during replication what is this called

A

supercoiling

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10
Q

how does B DNA spiral

A

to the right

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11
Q

new combination already existing alleles arise from two different types of meiotic events

A

independent assortment and crossing over

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12
Q

what in RNA is different from DNA

A

ribose sugar Uracil usually single stranded less stable

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13
Q

what are the two grooves created by the backbones

A

major and minor

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14
Q

who discovered the structure of DNA

A

watson and crick

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15
Q

what does bacterial genetic material look like

A

singular circular chromosome lies within cell with no nuclear membrane

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16
Q

what did avery, macleod and mccarty do in their experiment

A

find the chemical composition in the transforming principle

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17
Q

what is a nucleoside composed of

A

nitrogenous base and ribose sugar

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18
Q

where will you find ss DNA

A

viruses

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19
Q

what are the two template strands called

A

leading and lagging

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20
Q

what is conservative replication

A

one of the two daughter double helixes contains only the original DNA and the other helix is the newly synthesized strands

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21
Q

what does DNA polymerase 3 do

A

add nucleotides to 3’ end

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22
Q

what are the purines

A

adenosine and guanine

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23
Q

what makes an RNA primer

A

primase primosome protein complex

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24
Q

what is classified as a somatic mutation

A

mosaic cancer

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25
why are s virus smooth
they synthesize a polysaccharide capsule
26
what must be present before DNA POL3
RNA primer
27
what does DNA pol 1 do
replace RNA primer of the okazaki fragment with DNA error correction
28
what are some sequence specific DNA binding proteins
transcription factors restriction enzymes
29
how can DNA polymerase enzymes catalyze the formation of a new phosphodiester bond
use energy released from severing the triphosphate arm of a dNTP substrate molecule
30
what is the only difference between nucleotides
nitrogenous bases
31
how can a DNA polynucleotide grow
adding a nucleotide to the 3 end of an existing polynucleotide
32
how does Z DNA spirla
to the left
33
what is semiconservative replication
the two daughter DNA has one strand from original and one strand that is brand new
34
what is a primer
a short, single stranded molecule of DNA or RNA a few nucleotides long that base pairs with part of the template strand
35
what is transformation
ability of a substance to change the genetic characteristics of an organism
36
why did researchers believe that proteins had greater potential for diversity and better suited for genetic material
made of 20 amino acids and not four nitrogenous bases
37
what is the feulgen reaction
chromosomes redden while other areas of cell remain uncolored shows DNA localized in chromosomes
38
two separated strands of DNA in replication represent
the templates
39
what kind of bond is a phosphodiester bond
covalent bond
40
why is the conservative and dispersed replication not very good
doesnt show how there should be a mechanism for copying the information in the sequence of bases
41
who created the X ray images of DNA
rosalind franklin
42
in eukaryotes, how many origin of replications
multiple
43
number of H bonds between G and C
3
44
who came up with the name nuclein
freidrich Miescher
45
what does helicase do
unwind DNA
46
how many carbon and nitrogen in pyrimidines
6
47
what is recombination
the generation of new allelic combinations through genetic exchange between homologous chromosomes
48
what are the three strict requirements for DNA polymerase action in DNA replication
four dNTPs ss template primer with a free 3' hydroxyl group
49
what is the function of telomeres
ensure the maintenance and accurate replication of the two ends of each linear chromosome
50
how to find number of ways nucleotide sequences can occur
4^n n= number of nucleotides long
51
how are okazaki fragments added
using short RNA primers
52
in bacteria, how many origins of replication
one
53
what brought up the semiconservative model
watson and crick
54
what organisms carry RNA as their genetic material
retroviruses
55
how does the lagging strand form
okazaki fragments
56
what organisms have circular chromosomes
prokaryotes mitochondria and cholorplasts some viruses
57
what did Chargaff find about DNA
ratio between A and T and G and C are 1:1 bond together with a hydrogen bond
58
what is polymerization
DNA POL 3 catalyzeds the joining of a new nucleotide to the preceding nucleotide through formation of phosphodiester bonds
59
where does phosphate group bond with on the sugar
5' carbon
60
B DNA a more occurring DNA
yes
61
phosphodiester bond, bonds what carbons together of sugars
3' to 5'
62
what are the pyrimadines
thymine cytosine uracil
63
what is the transforming principle
substance searching for that is heritable
64
is a point mutation germinal or somatic
germinal
65
are DNA chains parallel or anti
anti
66
who extracted a weakly acidic phosphorous rich material from nuclei from WBC
Friedrich Miescher
67
what did avery look for in his experiments
the transforming principle
68
what does DNA ligase do
covalently joins successive okazaki fragments
69
what happens if chromosomes fail to recombine during prophase 1 and metaphase 1
cannot orient themselves towards opposite poles of meiosis 1 spindle causing nondisjunction
70
what is a nucleotide composed of
nitrogenous base ribose sugar phosphate group
71
do bacteria undergo meiosis or mitosis
no they go through binary fission
72
what bond is used to join nucleotides together
phosphdiester bonds
73
what is a point mutation
affect one or just a few base pairs in the DNA and thus alter only one gene at a time
74
does heat kill the Smooth virus
yes
75
who created the experiment that confirmed the semiconservative nature of DNA replication
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
76
what was the significance of griffith experiment with the s and r virus
dead virulent cells can still transfer DNA to living non virulent cells
77
what did Arthur Kornberg do
he isolated and purified components of the replication machinery put them in a tube and created new DNA
78
who did the smooth and rough virus with mice experiment
frederick griffith
79
what did rosalind franklin find
spiral shaped or helical spacing between repeating units is 3.4 A
80
what is the complete turn for the helix
34 A
81
what is the diameter of the DNA molecule
20 A
82
what keeps the DNA helicase open
single stranded DNA binding proteins
83
what do restriction enzymes do
cut DNA at particular sites
84
why do RNAs have a complicated structure
RNA folds on itself, making it a short double strand
85
how many carbon and nitrogen in purines
9
86
what are the two stages for DNA replication
initiation and elongation
87
how does DNA protect its own integrity
redundancy remarkable precision of cellular replication machinery enzymes that repair chemical damage to DNA
88
DNA to DNA process is called
replication
89
what is mutation rate
the probability with which a particular mutational event takes place per biological entity per reproductive cycle
90
what do transcription factors do
turn genes on and off
91
can DNA polymerase establish the first link in a new chain
no, it needs a primer
92
what is DNA nucleotide subunit made of
deoxyribose phosphate group nitrogenous base
93
DNA to RNA process is called
transcription
94
what does eukaryotic chromosomes look like
long, linear, double helixes
95
what helps with supercoiling
DNA topoisomerases
96
what is dispersive replication
both daughter double helix would carry blocks of original DNA interspersed with blocks of newly synthesized material
97
what is the reason for multiple origins of replication
ensure that copying is completed within the time alotted
98
where do the forks meet in bacteria
termination region

Genetics 2.0 (13 decks)

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