chapter five

Question 1

polymers

Answer 1

large compounds made of many monomers

Question 2

what are the four types of macromolecules?

Answer 2

carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Question 3

dehydration/condensation reaction

Answer 3

synthesizing a polymer, removes a water molecules forming a new bond

Question 4

hydrolysis

Answer 4

breaking down a polymer, adds a water molecules breaking a bond

Question 5

carbohydrates

Answer 5

fuel and building materials

Question 6

what is the monomer of carbs?

Answer 6

monosaccharides

Question 7

general formula of carbs?

Answer 7

C6H12O6

Question 8

glucose typically forms what shape?

Answer 8

ring form with 3-7 carbons

Question 9

disaccharide or two monosaccharides = ?

Answer 9

glycosidic linkage

Question 10

glucose + glucose = ?

Answer 10

maltose

Question 11

glucose + galactose = ?

Answer 11

lactose

Question 12

glucose + fructose = ?

Answer 12

sucrose

Question 13

dissacharide

Answer 13

quick burst of short lived energy

Question 14

polysaccharides

Answer 14

energy storing, for day or two

Question 15

starch

Answer 15

plants, stored in plastids

Question 16

glycogen

Answer 16

animals, stored in muscles and liver

Question 17

cellulose

Answer 17

found in plant cell wall (leaves), herbivores

Question 18

chitin

Answer 18

more complex than cellulose, found in insects, spider, crab

Question 19

lipids

Answer 19

energy storage and barriers

Question 20

what is the monomer of lipids?

Answer 20

fatty acids

Question 21

glycerol

Answer 21

alcohol with 3 C’s and OH group

Question 22

hydrocarbon chain

Answer 22

nonpolar, lots of energy stored

Question 23

lipids can store two times the energy as _____?

Answer 23

carbs

Question 24

saturated fat

Answer 24

from animals, solid at room temperature, no C=C

Question 25

unsaturated fat

Answer 25

from plants, liquids or oils, one or more C=C

Question 26

functions of lipids, specifically fats

Answer 26

cushioning around organs, insulation (blubber)

Question 27

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 27

heads - polar, hydrophilic tails - nonpolar, hydrophobic

Question 28

steroids

Answer 28

made of various functional groups

Question 29

what is the backbone to steroids?

Answer 29

cholesterol

Question 30

arteriosclerosis

Answer 30

build up plaque in arteries, heart attack

Question 31

polypeptide chains

Answer 31

proteins are a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Question 32

what is the monomer of proteins?

Answer 32

amino acids

Question 33

R group: amino group

Answer 33

basic, positively charged

Question 34

R group: carboxyl group

Answer 34

acidic, negatively charged

Question 35

nonpolar R groups

Answer 35

no O, hydrophobic

Question 36

polar R groups

Answer 36

with -OH or just an = O, hydrophilic

Question 37

peptide bond formation

Answer 37

condensation rxn, amino end is designated at beginning and carboxyl end is designated at end

Question 38

protein conformation (shape)

Answer 38

normal, nature, typical shape

Question 39

primary structure

Answer 39

chain of amino acids in order, DNA recipe, mutation

Question 40

secondary structure

Answer 40

two types, caused by H bonding between amino acid and carboxyl groups: helix - coil pleated sheet - folded

Question 41

tertiary structure

Answer 41

different amino acids = different R groups ionic bond - charged R groups disulfide bridge - S-S hydrogen bond - polar van der waals - non polar

Question 42

quaternary structure

Answer 42

optional, 2 polypeptides join together to make protein, not all proteins have this level of structure

Question 43

denatured

Answer 43

change native confirmation (hair)

Question 44

sickle cell anemia

Answer 44

genetic change may cause protein shape change

Question 45

nucleic acids

Answer 45

central dogma

Question 46

DNA

Answer 46

stores and transmits coded info, determines amino acid sequences in proteins, nucleus (double stranded)

Question 47

RNA

Answer 47

takes DNA's message out of the nucleus, forms ribosomes where proteins are made

Question 48

what is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

Answer 48

nucleotide

Question 49

ribose

Answer 49

RNA

Question 50

deoxyribose

Answer 50

DNA

Question 51

pyrimidines (1 ring)

Answer 51

cytosine thymine (DNA only) uracil (RNA only)

Question 52

purines (2 rings)

Answer 52

adenine guanine

Question 53

polymer formation

Answer 53

direction matters, 3' (OH) and 5' (P)

Question 54

enzymes

Answer 54

proteins in the body that speed up a reaction

Question 55

catalyst

Answer 55

anything that speeds up a reaction

Question 56

activation energy

Answer 56

needed to start a reaction

Question 57

transition state

Answer 57

unstable point where the reactants have absorbed enough energy to break and store to rearrange

Question 58

substrate

Answer 58

reactant with enzyme

Question 59

active site

Answer 59

area of enzyme that binds to substrate

Question 60

induced fit

Answer 60

enzyme changes shape after binding, ex: handshake

Question 61

temp and pH

Answer 61

rate can increase or decrease, disrupts H- bonds and denatures proteins and enzymes

Question 62

cofactors

Answer 62

non protein helpers

Question 63

coenzymes

Answer 63

organic cofactors

Question 64

competitive inhibitiors

Answer 64

compete with substrate for active site

Question 65

noncompetitive inhibitors

Answer 65

molecule binds to a different area on enzyme and change its shape

Question 66

feedback inhibition

Answer 66

metabolic pathway is stopped when the product binds to the enzyme and inhibits activity

Question 67

localizing

Answer 67

specific enzymes for specific jobs