chapter six

Question 1

prokaryote

Answer 1

must be single cell
no nucleus
cell contains DNA, cytoplasm and ribosomes
ex: bacteria, archea

Question 2

eukaryote

Answer 2

some single cells
nucleus present
cell contains organelles
ex: plants, animals, fungi, protists

Question 3

surface area

Answer 3

length x width x number of sides (cm2)

Question 4

volume

Answer 4

length x width x height (cm3)

Question 5

nucleus anatomy

Answer 5

contains NEARLY all cells DNA, nuclear membrane separates cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 6

nucleolus

Answer 6

site of rRNA transcription and produces ribosomes

Question 7

chromatin

Answer 7

condensed structure that forms the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell

Question 8

nucleus function

Answer 8

coordinates protein synthesis and cell division

Question 9

ribosome anatomy

Answer 9

small, flattened sphere made of RNA and proteins

Question 10

free ribosomes

Answer 10

suspended in cytosol

Question 11

bound ribosomes

Answer 11

attached to outside of rough ER

Question 12

ribosome function

Answer 12

codes for amino acids with codons and anti-codons

Question 13

rough ER anatomy

Answer 13

flat sacs within the outer nuclear envelope, bumps created by ribosomes

Question 14

rough ER function

Answer 14

secreted proteins and proteins in membrane

Question 15

smooth ER anatomy

Answer 15

flat sacs, tubules, vesicles, located near cell membrane

Question 16

smooth ER function

Answer 16

production of lipids/fats, store enzymes/ions, detoxification of drugs, metabolism of carbs

Question 17

golgi apparatus anatomy

Answer 17

stack of flattened cisternae and associated vesicles

Question 18

cis face

Answer 18

where proteins/lipids enter from ER

Question 19

trans face

Answer 19

faces cytoplasm, exit side and concave

Question 20

golgi apparatus function

Answer 20

process, package, and export proteins through specific vesicles, ex: post office

Question 21

lysosomes anatomy

Answer 21

garbage disposal of the cell, pH 5, contains enzymes

Question 22

phagocytosis

Answer 22

process by which a phagocyte destroys bacteria and removes dead cells

Question 23

autophagy

Answer 23

natural process in which a cell breaks down and recycles old, damaged cell parts

Question 24

lysosomes function

Answer 24

intracellular digestion, programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Question 25

vacuole anatomy

Answer 25

found in cytoplasmic matrix

Question 26

central vacuole

Answer 26

large fluid filled organelles in plant cells

Question 27

food vacuole

Answer 27

membrane enclosed sac which has a digestive function

Question 28

transport vacuole

Answer 28

helps plants maintain metabolic balance, react to environmental changes

Question 29

contractile vacuole

Answer 29

collects and expels excess water from cells

Question 30

vacuole function

Answer 30

stores salts, minerals, proteins

Question 31

mitochondria anatomy

Answer 31

folds inner membrane to increase surface area

Question 32

mitochondria function

Answer 32

create energy for cell, controls cell death (red blood cells have no mitochondria)

Question 33

peroxisomes anatomy

Answer 33

specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane

Question 34

peroxisomes function

Answer 34

detoxify the cell by converting harmful hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

Question 35

chloroplast anatomy

Answer 35

two disk shaped green organelle that contain chlorophyll

Question 36

chloroplast function

Answer 36

site of photosynthesis, converts solar energy to chemical energy

Question 37

cytoskeleton

Answer 37

provides structure in a cell, the rods of a tent

Question 38

microfilaments

Answer 38

muscle contraction

Question 39

intermediate filaments

Answer 39

hold organelles in place

Question 40

flagella anatomy

Answer 40

typically longer and fewer, contain: basal body hook filament

Question 41

flagella function

Answer 41

sweep food into mouth like feeding

Question 42

cilia anatomy

Answer 42

made of axoneme

Question 43

cilia function

Answer 43

propel particles out of airway and move mucus along

Question 44

cell wall anatomy

Answer 44

fully surrounds plant cells

Question 45

cell wall: plants

Answer 45

lamella primary wall (cellulose and pectin) secondary wall (only rare)

Question 46

cell wall: fungi

Answer 46

chitin

Question 47

cell wall: bacteria

Answer 47

murein

Question 48

cell wall function

Answer 48

provides protection from stress and helps to maintain its shape

Question 49

intercellular junction: tight

Answer 49

seals two cells together so nothing can get in between

Question 50

intercellular junction: gap

Answer 50

velcro

Question 51

intercellular junction: desmosome

Answer 51

transport between animal cells

Question 52

intercellular junction: plasmodesmata

Answer 52

transport between plant cells

Question 53

light microscopes

Answer 53

resolving power limited total magnification = 1000x - 2000x

Question 54

electron microscopes

Answer 54

uses electrons because they are the smallest subatomic particles to bounce and send back an image limited total magnification = 10000x - 20000x

Question 55

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Answer 55

thin slice of specimen that electrons pass through, mitochondria

Question 56

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Answer 56

3D image of the surface of the specimen, bacteria/virus