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PHARMACOLOGY > CHAPTER FOURTY-SIX AUTONOMIC AND CNS > Flashcards

CHAPTER FOURTY-SIX AUTONOMIC AND CNS Flashcards

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1
Q

What does PNS stand for

A

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What do afferent neurons do

A

carries messages to the brain

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3
Q

What do efferent neurons do

A

carry messages away from the brain

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4
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

voluntary skeletal muscle

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5
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

involutory organ, gland, and smooth muscle response

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6
Q

what are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

the sympathetic (adrenergic) and parasympathetic (cholinergic)

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7
Q

what is the goal of the ANS

A

maintain homeostasis and equilibrium in the body

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8
Q

what is the sympathetic (adrenergic)

A

fight or flight

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9
Q

what is the parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

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10
Q

define neurotransmitters

A

used by the nervous system

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11
Q

define neurohormones

A

used by the endocrine system

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12
Q

what are the main neurotransmitters

A

norepinephrine and acetylcholine

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13
Q

define ligand

A

a binding molecule

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14
Q

define affinity

A

the level of attraction/binding

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15
Q

what is an antagonist

A

blocks a physiological response

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15
Q

what is an agonist

A

can trigger a physiological response

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16
Q

signal transduction

A

what it is called when a ligand stimulates/blocks a target

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17
Q

response of sympathetic/adrenergic

A
  • increased HR and BP
  • increase glucose
  • increased mental activity
  • pupil dilation (increased sight)
  • increased cellular metabolism
  • increased blood flow to brain, heart, and muscles
  • bronchodilation
  • relaxation of bladder
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18
Q

define endogenous

A

originates within the body

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19
Q

define exogenous

A

drug therapy

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20
Q

what are catecholamines

A

SNS neurotransmitters and hormones

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21
Q

common SNS neurotransmitters

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine (adrenaline), dopamine

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22
Q

facts about norepinephrine

A
  • both a transmitter and hormone
  • the body reuses it
    -created in nerve endings
    -metabolized by MOA and COMT
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23
Q

facts about epinephrine/adrenaline

A
  • made in adrenal glands
    -metabolized by MOA and COMT
  • commonly used for anaphylaxis
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24
facts about dopamine
- found in brain, blood vessels and kidneys - acts on BP and HR - commonly used in renal and heart failure
25
facts about Alpha 1 receptors
- found in smooth muscle in blood vessels, GI and GU - causes muscle contraction, vasoconstriction and pupil dilation
26
facts about alpha 2 receptors
- found in brain and pancreas - inhibits norepinephrine, stopping the sympathetic response - inhibits insulin release
27
facts about beta 1 receptors
- found in heart cells - increases HR and contraction
28
facts about beta 2 receptors
- found in smooth muscle of lungs, skeletal and urinary - relaxation of muscles -bronchodilation
29
define sympathomimetic
mimics the SNS
30
define adrenergic agonist
causes SNS response
31
define adrenergic antagonist
stops SNS response
32
define sympatholytic
stops SNS response
33
define adrenergic blocker
stops SNS response
34
alpha 1 drug uses
nasal congestion, hypotension, dilation of pupils - treated through vasoconstriction
35
alpha 2 drug uses
hypertension - vasodilation and inhibiting insulin release
36
beta 1 drug uses
cardiac arrest, heart failure, shock - increases HR and contraction
37
beta 2 drug uses
asthma, premature labor contractions - relaxes muscles
38
what is a selective medication
acts on a specific receptor sight and has less side effects - ex: selective beta 1 blocker will not effect beta 2
39
what is a non selective med
acts on more than one receptor type with more side effects
40
what type of med is phenylephrine
sympathomimetic: stimulates alpha 1 - increases BP - treats allergies and congestion
41
what type of med is dopamine
sympathomimetic - used in renal and heart failure
42
what type of med is norepinephrine
sympathomimetic: stimulates A1, A2, and B1
43
what type of med is epinephrine
sympathomimetic - epi pens
44
what type of med is midodrine
sympathomimetic: A1 - orthostatic hypotension
45
what type of med is albuterol
sympathomimetic: selective beta 2 - bronchodilation
46
what type of med is isoproterenol
sympathomimetic: beta 1 and 2 - increase HR and bronchodilation
47
side effects of sympathomimetics
- tachycardia, dysrhythmia, chest pain - hypertension - CNS excitement (nervous, restless) - dry mouth (HF and RF) - nausea and vomiting -dysuria (painful urination)
48
contraindications of sympathomimetics
- pheochromocytoma (secretes catecholamines) - tachy-arrhythmias - CVD and PVD -HTN -thyroid disease -hypovolemia (low blood volume) -renal or hepatic issues interacts with: tcas, maois, herbals, otcs
49
effects of parasympathetic system/cholinergic
- lower BP and HR -increased secretions of digestive enzymes -pupil constriction - contraction of bladder contraction of skeletal muscle
50
primary neurotransmitter of parasympathetic/cholinergic
acetylcholine
51
facts about acetylcholine
- formed in nerve endings - excitatory effects of nerve synapse - inhibits effects at peripheral sites -body recycles
52
parasympathetic cell receptors
nicotinic (CNS nerves and skeletal muscle) - activated by Ach - release epinephrine - fast and brief response muscarinic (internal organs) - activated by Ach - can be excited or inhibited -slow and prolonged response
53
direct acting definition
bind to and activate receptors - longer duration of action - widespread effects
54
indirect acting definition
inhibit AchE
55
why are cholinergic drugs typically not used
high potential for adverse effects
56
what do cholinergic drugs commonly treat
myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer's disease, GI and urinary muscle strength (retention), glaucoma
57
what is a cholinergic drug
promotes parasympathetic
58
what is a parasympathomimetic drug
promotes the parasympathetic
59
what is a cholinergic agonist drug
promotes the parasympathetic
60
what is a parasypatholytic drug
inhibits the parasympathetic
61
what is a cholinergic antagonist drug
inhibits the parasympathetic
62
what is a cholinergic blocker
inhibits the parasympathetic
63
what type of drug is bethanechol
cholinergic agonist: muscarinic stimulant, direct acting - increases contraction and promotes bladder emptying
64
what type of drug is carbachol
cholinergic agonist: direct acting - decreases intraocular pressure for glaucoma
65
what type of drug is donepezil
selective AchE inhibitor - increases levels of Ach, compensate for loss of cholinergic brain cells -used to treat Alzheimer's
66
what type of drug is pyridostigmine
AchE inhibitor -treats myasthenia gravis
67
side effects of parasympathomimetics
-nausea, vomiting, loose stool -increased salivation -watery eyes -Headache and dizziness -bradycardia -narrowed airway -urinary urgency
68
cholinergic drug contraindications
-Urinary and GI obstruction -asthma -ulcers -inflammatory GI -coronary artery disease - hyperthyroidism -pregnancy + -hepatic and renal issues
69
what kind of drug is atropione
anticholinergic - stimulates HR, reduces salivation, and GI spasms
70
what kind of drug is dicyclomine/propantheline
anticholinergic -treats IBS, sweating, uncontrolled bladder and cramping
71
what kind of drug is meclizine/scopolamine
anticholinergic -treats vertigo and motion sickness block Ach
72
what kind of drug is glycopyrrolate
anticholinergic -decreases oral secretions for vented and neuro patients
73
what kind of drug is ipratropium/tiotropium
anticholinergic -blocks muscle receptors, causes bronchodilation -for COPD
74
list common anticholinergic drug uses
-GI disorders -ophthalmic procedures -cardiac rhythm disorders -pre-anesthesia -asthma -overreactive bladder
75
side effects of anticholinergics
tachycardia, HTN -CNS stimulation -constipation and urinary retention -dry mouth and eyes -inhibition of sweating -photophobia, blurred vision, increased pressure -weakness and dizziness
76
anticholinergic contraindications
-glaucoma -GI conditions -enlarged prostate and bladder obstruction -arrhythmias, tachycardia, Mi -renal and hepatic issues - use of antihistamines, antiparkinsonian meds, and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) depression med

PHARMACOLOGY (9 decks)

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