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PHARMACOLOGY > CHAPTER TWO: BASIC CONCEPTS AND PROCESSES > Flashcards

CHAPTER TWO: BASIC CONCEPTS AND PROCESSES Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some “jobs” for cells and their components

A

Manufacture products and deliver them, differ tissues from each other, obtain energy, reproduce taking in materials and nutrients.

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2
Q

How do drugs affect cellular function

A

By first interacting with the cellular membrane

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3
Q

Define lipidphillic and lipidphobic

A

Lipidphillic: works with the lipid membrane
Lipidphobic: does not interact with the membrane

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4
Q

Where does systemic effect occur

A

The cellular level

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5
Q

What is pharmodynamics

A

Effect a drug has on the body

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6
Q

List the four ways drugs work

A

Substitute for missing chemicals, stimulate cellular functions, slow cellular functions, cell death

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7
Q

What do drugs chemically bind with

A

Receptor cells

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8
Q

What actions do receptor cells cause

A

Activation, inactivation or alteration of enzymes, change cell membranes, modification of the synthesis, release or activation of neurohormones

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9
Q

What are receptors made out of and where are they located

A

They are proteins that are on cell membranes

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10
Q

What defines how a drug works in terms of receptors

A

Level of attraction to the receptor and concentration of drug

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11
Q

Define agonists and antagonists

A

Agonists activate a response and antagonists stop a response

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12
Q

Give examples of drugs that do not act on receptor sights

A

Antacids, osmotic diuretics, anticancer drugs, metal chelating agents (excretion of toxic metals)

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13
Q

What is a nonspecific drug effect

A

Works on specific receptor type, but those receptors are found in multiple organs/tissues

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14
Q

What is a Nonselective drug effect

A

Acts on different types or receptors
Example: epinephrine

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15
Q

What is pharmokinetics

A

Movement of drugs through the body

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16
Q

What are the processes of pharmokinetics

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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17
Q

Where does metabolism occur in the body

A

The liver

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18
Q

The process that occurs from the time the drug enters the body to the when it goes into the bloodstream

A

Absorption

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19
Q

Difference between active and passive transport

A

Active: moving from lower to higher concentration with energy
Passive: moving across the membrane without energy

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20
Q

What is the onset of the drug action determined by

A

Rate of absorption

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21
Q

What can effect absorption

A

Dosage, from of med, and administration, food and other meds

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22
Q

What are enteral medications

A

PO meds and meds that go through GI tubes

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23
Q

What can effect enteral absorption

A

GI movement, pH of the stomach, surface area of bowl (also pain and stress, by diverting blood flow)

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24
Q

What is parenteral medications

A

Does not go through GI
Examples: IV, IM, Sub Q

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25
What effects rate of absorption in parenteral meds
The blood flow to area - circulation and tissue type (fat is slower than muscle)
26
When would IV absorption be an issue
Vascular issues
27
Define distribution
Transport of drug molecules within the body, movement to tissues
28
What effects distribution
Blood circulation and volume, protein binding
29
What protein do drugs bind to in blood
Albumin
30
Difference between unbound and protein bound drugs
Protein bound drugs are inactive, only unbound drugs move through capillaries. The benefit is control of storage and distribution.
31
What does low protein binding mean
Short duration of action
32
Are drugs stored in muscle and fat
Yes
33
Hypoalbinemia
Monitor for excessive free drugs, can cause toxicity
34
How are ionized cells absorbed
Not well
35
How do drugs pass the blood brain barrier
Highly lipid soluble
36
What is metabolism
Inactivation by the body
37
Ways of metabolism
Changed into new chemicals, made inactive
38
Inactive prodrugs
Drugs that become active when metabolized
39
Where are drug metabolizing enzymes located
Kidneys, liver, RBC, plasma, lungs, GI mucus
40
What to do when metabolizing organs are damaged
Carefully medicate and decrease dose
41
What is the most common liver enzyme
P450 cytochrome
42
What is induction in terms of metabolism
Caused by chronic usage, metabolism is increase and a higher does needs given
43
Inhibition in terms of metabolism
Two meds that are metabolized by the same enzyme, meaning that toxicity is possible
44
Define excretion
Elimination of medication
45
Where are meds primarily excreted
Kidneys
46
What other ways to excrete medications
Skin, saliva, lungs, bile, feces
47
Ways excretion can be effected
- GFR (more than 60 is normal) - urine acidity (4.5-8) - BUN (10-20mg) Creatine (0.7-1.4)
48
Variables influencing drug therapy
Clinical factors (age, etc.) Pharmokinetics (absorption, etc.) Administration (route) Pharmodynamics (therapeutic window, side effects)
49
Variables influencing drug therapy
Clinical factors (age, etc.) Pharmokinetics (absorption, etc.) Administration (route) Pharmodynamics (therapeutic window, side effects)
50
Onset
Time it takes to produce a response
51
Peak
Time to reach effective concentration
52
Trough
Lowest level of concentration before next dose
53
Duration
Length of time the concentration can produce a response
54
Plateau
Maintained level for fixed doses
55
First pass effect
When a high amount of the drug is gone before reaching the liver to be metabolized
56
Most common people in drug trials
White males 18-54
57
Polymorphism
Metabolism of medication is effected by genetics
58
Cross tolerance
Tolerant to another drug in its class so tolerant to the new drug as well
59
Do African Americans respond better to beta blockers or calcium channel blockers
Calcium channel blockers
60
Serum level
Lab measurement of amount of drug in bloodstream
61
Therapeutic index
Margin between effectiveness and toxicity, some drugs have a very narrow margin
62
Dosages, route of administration, drug-diet interactions, drug-drug interactions
Variables
63
Dosages, route of administration, drug-diet interactions, drug-drug interactions
Variables
64
Additive effects
Using two meds when one would work
65
Additive effects
Using two meds when one would work
66
Synergism
Combining drugs for a stronger effect
67
Synergism
Combining drugs for a stronger effect
68
Interference
When one drug effects another, normally metabolism
69
Displacement
Receptor has a stronger attraction to one drug so the other has a higher concentration in the bloodstream
70
When are adverse effects more severe
With a higher dose of
71
When are adverse effects more severe
With a higher dose
72
Common and serious adverse effects
- CNS (agitation, confusion, depression) - GI (bleeding) -hematologic (risk for bleeding) -nephrotoxicity (damage) -hyper sensitivity (allergic reaction) - serum glucose (raise blood sugar)
73
Teratogenicity
Dangerous for pregnant women
74
Black box warning
For meds that can cause life threatening effects
75
Pregnancy categories in terms of med safety
A- no damage B- no studies on humans, but safe C- no studies in animals OR humans D- shown to have risks, only given in certain situations X- not given
76
Important facts about toxicology
- fast treatment -stable vitals -prevent further damage through reducing absorption and increases elimination -give antidotes

PHARMACOLOGY (9 decks)

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