Chapter I

Question 1

Father of Microbiology

Answer 1

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 2

An old term for microorganisms. Antonie was first to observe the first motile microscopic life forms in a drop of water.

Answer 2

Animalcules

Question 3

He was the first to see single-celled organisms.

Answer 3

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 4

British physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines including the smallpox vaccine, the world’s first vaccine.

Answer 4

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

Question 5

The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from ____ ______ , the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox.

Answer 5

Variolae vaccinae

Question 6

It is also called vaccinia, uncommon mildly eruptive disease of animals, first observed in cows and occurring particularly in cats, that when transmitted to otherwise healthy humans produces immunity to smallpox.

Answer 6

Cowpox

Question 7

derived from the Greek words mikros (“small”), bios (“life”), and logia or logos (“study of”).

Answer 7

Microbiology

Question 8

Two categories of microorganisms

Answer 8

Cellular and Acellular

Question 9

Example of acellular

Answer 9

Viruses, viroids, and prions

Question 10

Examples of cellular

Answer 10

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 11

Examples of prokaryotes

Answer 11

bacteria, archaea, cyanobacteria

Question 12

Examples of eukaryotes

Answer 12

fungi, protozoa, and algae

Question 13

Study of bacteria

Answer 13

Bacteriology

Question 14

Study of viruses

Answer 14

Virology

Question 15

Study of fungi

Answer 15

Mycology

Question 16

Study of protozoa and parasitic worms

Answer 16

Parasitology

Question 17

Study of algae

Answer 17

Phycology

Question 18

Study of the immune system and immune response

Answer 18

Immunology

Question 19

He found a cure for syphilis. The theory included his first use of the term “magic bullet”: the concept that chemicals could be designed to bind to and kill specific microbes or tumor cells.

Answer 19

Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)

Question 20

_____ was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world’s first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named _______ .

Answer 20

Sir Alexander Fleming, Penicillin

Question 21

He proposed the theory of spontaneous generation. He said that life arose from nonliving material if the material contained pneuma (“vital heat”).

Answer 21

Aristotle (384-322)

Question 22

What is the difference between spontaneous generation and abiogenesis?

Answer 22

Both of these theories explain the emergence of life from non-living materials. Abiogenesis explains the generation of primitive organisms while spontaneous generation explains the generation of complex organisms.

Question 23

He is credited with conclusively disproving the theory of spontaneous generation with his famous swan-neck flask experiment.

Answer 23

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Question 24

The germ theory of disease postulated by ____ was later further developed by later scientists, such as ___.

Answer 24

Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch

Question 25

It is a theory based on the concept that many diseases are caused by infections with microorganisms, typically only visualized under high magnification.

Answer 25

Germ theory of disease

Question 26

He was the first to apply the science of Germ Theory to surgery. He applied Pasteur’s observations to the prevention of wound sepsis. His Antisepsis System is the basis of modern infection control. He discovered the use of antiseptic technique to kill bacteria in wound and air with carbolic acid.

Answer 26

Joseph Lister

Question 27

Body’s extreme response to an infection. It is a life-threatening medical emergency.

Answer 27

Sepsis

Question 28

He is the discoverer of the specific causative agents of deadly infectious diseases including tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax.

Answer 28

Robert Koch

Question 29

Consists of four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease.

Answer 29

Koch’s Postulates

Question 30

miniscule organisms that can’t be seen with the naked eye

Answer 30

microorganisms

Question 31

It is an instrument used to observe small objects, even cells.

Answer 31

Microscope

Question 32

Is the increase of apparent size of an object

Answer 32

Magnification

Question 33

Is the measure of the clarity of an image. It is the ability of an optical instrument to show two close object as separate.

Answer 33

Resolution

Question 34

He is credited with making one of the earliest compound microscopes (ones that used two lenses) around 1600.

Answer 34

Zacharias Janssen

Question 35

He soon improved upon the compound microscope design in 1609. He called his device an occhiolino, or "little eye."

Answer 35

Galileo Galilei

Question 36

He produced a book, Micrographia, about his explorations of the microscopic world including a sketch of a magnified slice of cork from an oak tree. He compared the structures he saw in the cork to “little rooms” – cellulae in Latin – and the term “cells” stuck.

Answer 36

Robert Hooke

Question 37

___ supports the microscope, while ___ used to carry the microscope

Answer 37

1. Base 2. Arm

Question 38

___ is the platform where the slide with the specimen is placed, while ___ holds the slide in place on the stage

Answer 38

1. Stage 2. Stage Clips

Question 39

Part of a microscope that magnifies the image for the viewer

Answer 39

Eyepiece

Question 40

___ contains the objective lenses; rotates to allow the user to switch between different objective lenses.

Answer 40

Revolving nosepiece

Question 41

___ part of a microscope with low, medium, and high-power lenses that further magnify the specimen at different intensities.

Answer 41

Objective lenses

Question 42

Large knob used for focusing the image under low power (general focusing)

Answer 42

Coarse Adjustment Knob

Question 43

Smaller knob used for focusing the image with the medium and high-power objectives (fine-tuning)

Answer 43

Fine Adjustment Knob

Question 44

Controls the amount of light that passes through the specimen

Answer 44

Diaphragm

Question 45

Provides light for viewing the specimen

Answer 45

Light source

Question 46

A type of microscope that works by passing visible light through a specimen, such as microorganism or thin slice of animal or plant tissue. It can effectively magnify objects only about 1000 times.

Answer 46

Light Microscope

Question 47

It uses a beam of electrons. It has a much greater resolution than a light microscope. Under special conditions, the most powerful can detect individual atoms. This high resolution has allowed biologists to explore cellular ultrastructure, the complex internal anatomy of a cell.

Answer 47

Electron Microscope

Question 48

A type of microscope that it used by biologists to study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces.

Answer 48

Scanning Electron Microscope

Question 49

It is used to study the details of internal cell structure. Specimen are cut into extremely thin sections and stained with atoms of heavy metals such as gold. It uses electromagnets to bend the electron beam to magnify and focus an image onto a viewing screen or photographic film.

Answer 49

Transmission Electron Microscope

Question 50

One problem with this microscope is that they cannot be used to study living specimens because the specimen must be held in a vacuum chamber; that is, all the air and liquid must be removed.

Answer 50

Electron Microscope

Question 51

A type of microscope that contains more than one magnifying lens. It can magnify object approximately a thousand times their original size. Visibility light is its main source of illumination.

Answer 51

Compound Microscope

Question 52

Made up of a series of lenses and utilizing visible light as its source of illumination, it can magnify an object 1,000 to 1,500 times. This is used to visualize bacteria and fungi. Objects less than or thinner than 0.2 um cannot be visualized by this type of microscope.

Answer 52

Brightfield Microscope

Question 53

The term is derived from the fact that the specimen appears dark against the surrounding bright viewer field of this microscope. However, it has very low contrast and most of the cells need to be stained to be properly viewed.

Answer 53

Brightfield Microscope

Question 54

Utilizes reflected light instead of transmitted light, with a special condenser that has an opaque disc that blocks the light, such that only the specimen is illuminated. The specimen to be studied appears bright against a dark background.

Answer 54

Darkfield Microscope

Question 55

This type of microscope is ideal for studying specimens that are unstained or transparent and absorb little or no light. It is also useful in examining the external details of the specimen such as its outline or surface. This type of microscope is used to view spirochetes.

Answer 55

Darkfield microscope

Question 56

This type of microscopy was first introduced by Frits Zernike. It has a contrast-enhancing optical technique in order to produce high- contrast images of specimens that are transparent which include thin tissue slices, living cells in culture, and subcellular particles (such as nuclei and organelles).

Answer 56

Phase-contrast microscope

Question 57

It is similar to the phase-contrast microscope except that it utilizes two beams of light instead of one and therefore has higher resolution.

Answer 57

Differential Interference Contrast Microscope

Question 58

It makes use of ultraviolet light and fluorescent dyes called fluorochromes. It may also be used to visualize the genetic material of the cell (DNA and RNA).

Answer 58

Fluorescence Microscope

Question 59

This microscope uses an optical imaging technique that increases optical resolution and contrast of the micrograph by using a spatial pin-hole to block out-of- focus light in image formation. This is used, together with computers, to produce a three- dimensional image. It is also useful in the study of cell physiology.

Answer 59

Confocal Microscope

Question 60

It is used to study the molecular and atomic shapes of organisms on a nanoscale.

Answer 60

Scanning Probe Microscope

Question 61

He proposed the three kingdom classification

Answer 61

Ernst Haeckel

Question 62

What are the three kingdom classification?

Answer 62

1. Animalia 2. Plantae 3. Protista

Question 63

Kingdom that includes all animals on earth

Answer 63

Kingdom Animalia

Question 64

Kingdom that includes all the plant species

Answer 64

Kingdom Plantae

Question 65

It includes all the microorganisms, including algae, protozoa, fungi, bacteria and viruses.

Answer 65

Kingdom Protista

Question 66

proposed the division of all organisms into two groups, the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes.

Answer 66

Stanier and van neil

Question 67

These are organisms that have membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus.

Answer 67

Eukaryotes

Question 68

These are organisms that lack a membrane bound organelles and does not have a nucleus.

Answer 68

Prokaryotes

Question 69

It is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the microscopic level.

Answer 69

Staining

Question 70

It makes use of a single dye which can either be aqueous (water-based) or alcohol-based. This method of staining is a quick and easy way to visualize cell shape, size, and arrangement of bacteria.

Answer 70

Simple stains

Question 71

A type of staining that are used to differentiate one group of bacteria from another.

Answer 71

Differential stains

Question 72

Two types of differential staining procedures commonly used:

Answer 72

Gram stain and acid-fast stain

Question 73

A type of differential staining that distinguishes gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative bacteria. gram-positive bacteria stain blue or purple, while gram-negative bacteria stain red or pink.

Answer 73

Gram stain

Question 74

A type of differential stain that is used for bacteria with high lipid content in their cell wall, hence cannot be stained using Gram stain

Answer 74

Acid-fast stain

Question 75

Two methods of acid-fast stain:

Answer 75

Ziehl-Neelsen stain and Kinyoun stain

Question 76

A type of acid-fast stain that is also known as the "hot method" because it requires steam bathing the prepared smear after addition of the primary dye. This is because the primary stain used is aqueous and will not bind to the cell wall of the organism. Acid-fast organisms will appear red on a blue background.

Answer 76

Ziehl-Neelsen stain

Question 77

A type of acid-fast stain that is also known as the "cold method" as it does not utilize heat after addition of the primary stain, which is oil-based. The acid-fast organisms will appear red on a green background.

Answer 77

Kinyoun stain

Question 78

Stains that are used to demonstrate specific structures in a bacterial cell.

Answer 78

Special stains

Question 79

These are mediums that provide essential nutrients and minerals to support the growth of microorganisms in the laboratory.

Answer 79

Culture Media