Chapter IV: The Rise of Communities (1280–1663 AD)

Question 1

What was one main reason for population fragmentation in the Philippines during this period?

Answer 1

Geographic isolation and lack of centralized control encouraged fragmentation.

Question 2

When did Islam reportedly arrive in Sulu?

Answer 2

Around 1380 AD, possibly as earlier as 1280 AD according to some sources.

Question 3

Who is believed to be the first Muslim to bring Islam to Sulu?

Answer 3

Tuan Mashaika

Question 4

What is the Islamic concept of ummah?

Answer 4

The community of believers in Islam bound by spiritual ties.

Question 5

What were the three Islamization processes in the South?

Answer 5

Political (sultanate), religious (ummah), and cultural blending.

Question 6

Who founded the Sultanate of Sulu?

Answer 6

Abu Bakr in 1450 AD.

Question 7

Who preceded Abu Bakr in spreading Islam in Sulu?

Answer 7

Rajah Baguinda.

Question 8

Which ethnic groups were under the Sulu Sultanate?

Answer 8

Sama, Tausug, Yakan, and Subanun.

Question 9

What political structure integrated Islamic and indigenous systems?

Answer 9

The sultanate.

Question 10

Who established the Sultanate of Maguindanao?

Answer 10

Sherif Kabungsuan.

Question 11

What ritual was essential in validating Maguindanao succession?

Answer 11

The “white sand” ritual.

Question 12

What was the role of dumatus in Maguindanao?

Answer 12

Representatives of local leadership who legitimized the sultan’s authority.

Question 13

What were the four ancient Maranao pañgampongs?

Answer 13

Maciu, Onayan, Bayabao, and Baloi.

Question 14

What hindered the Lanao region from unifying like Sulu or Maguindanao?

Answer 14

Competing royal houses and unreconciled claims.

Question 15

What were the three colonial classifications of communities?

Answer 15

Infieles (pagan/indigenous), Moros (Muslim), and Indios (Christian).

Question 16

What motivated Spanish colonialists to classify groups this way?

Answer 16

Religion was the most visible differentiator.

Question 17

Who were the Indios?

Answer 17

Christianized lowland Filipinos under Spanish influence.

Question 18

Where did Christianity first take root in the Philippines?

Answer 18

Limasawa and later Cebu, then Manila.

Question 19

What helped spread Christianity in Luzon and the Visayas?

Answer 19

Military conquest and religious missions.

Question 20

What was the “plaza complex”?

Answer 20

A town planning model with church and fort at the center.

Question 21

Who were the Infieles?

Answer 21

Upland groups not reached or converted by Islam or Christianity.

Question 22

How did the Infieles resist colonization?

Answer 22

Withdrawal into inaccessible hinterlands.

Question 23

Why didn’t Muslims aggressively convert the upland peoples?

Answer 23

Islam lacked centralized missionary hierarchy like Christianity

Question 24

Who are the Kalibugan?

Answer 24

Subanun who adopted Islam

Question 25

What cultural element remained strong among Infieles?

Answer 25

Communalism and kinship-based leadership.

Question 26

What evidence supports early Islamic presence in the Philippines?

Answer 26

Gravemark inscription at Bud Datu

Question 27

What is darul Islam?

Answer 27

The territorial world of Islam

Question 27

What was the first Sultanate established in the Philippines?

Answer 27

Sulu Sultanate in 1450 AD

Question 28

What territories were under Sulu Sultanate jurisdiction?

Answer 28

Tawi-Tawi, Sulu, Palawan, Basilan, and Zamboanga

Question 29

How did the Sultan exercise leadership?

Answer 29

Through comprehensive leadership integrating religious and secular aspects of governance

Question 30

What was unique about the Maguindanao Sultanate's leadership system?

Answer 30

Dual leadership system

Question 31

When did Spanish Christianization begin in the Philippines?

Answer 31

1521 with Magellan's expedition

Question 32

When was the Christian foothold established in Manila?

Answer 32

Around 1570

Question 33

Which populations were primarily affected by the Spanish Christianization?

Answer 33

Lowland populations

Question 34

Where were the main religious centers established by the Spanish?

Answer 34

Manila, Nueva Segovia (Vigan), Nueva Caceres (Naga), and Cebu

Question 35

What factors helped preserve upland societies from colonization?

Answer 35

Geographic isolation and resistance strategies

Question 36

Five ethnic groups that maintained their indigenous identity.

Answer 36

Igorot, Manuvu, Ivatan, Mangyan, and Negrito groups

Question 37

Places where Igorot, Manuvu, Ivatan, and Mangyan people located.

Answer 37

Igorot - Mountain Province Manuvu - Mindanao Ivatan - Batanes Mangyan - Mindoro

Question 38

What was the Spanish colonial strategy regarding different communities?

Answer 38

Divide and rule

Question 39

What geographical area was the focus of the moros?

Answer 39

Southern Philippines

Question 40

What geographical area was the focus of the Indios?

Answer 40

Lowland regions

Question 41

What geographical area was the focus of the Infieles?

Answer 41

Upland/remote areas

Question 42

The key cultural characteristic of the Moros.

Answer 42

Sultanate-based governance

Question 43

The key cultural characteristic of the Indios.

Answer 43

Folk Christian traditions

Question 44

The key cultural characteristic of the Infieles.

Answer 44

Preserved traditional practices

Question 45

How did the Sultanate political structure change previous governance?

Answer 45

It consolidated previously independent datuships

Question 46

What time period does the Rise of Communities cover?

Answer 46

1280 AD - 1663 AD

Question 47

What was preserved in colonial Philippine society despite cultural changes?

Answer 47

Pre-colonial social hierarchies

Question 48

What did Sherif Kabungsuan achieve through his marriage into local royalty?

Answer 48

He established a dual system of governance integrating his lineage with indigenous leadership

Question 49

What principle defined the unity of life in the Islamic worldview brought by the sultanates?

Answer 49

No separation between the spiritual and secular; life revolved around worship and doing Allah’s will.