Chapter VI: Imperialism and Filipinism (1898–1946)

Question 1

What marked the end of Spanish rule?

Answer 1

Treaty of Paris (1898).

Question 2

What replaced the Spanish rule?

Answer 2

American imperial rule.

Question 3

What was the “Benevolent Assimilation” policy?

Answer 3

McKinley’s pledge to civilize and assist Filipinos.

Question 4

When did the Philippine-American War start?

Answer 4

February 4, 1899.

Question 5

Who was captured in 1901, ending the First Republic?

Answer 5

Emilio Aguinaldo.

Question 6

What law promised eventual Filipino independence?

Answer 6

Jones Law (1916). Authored by William Jones

Question 7

What replaced military rule in Mindanao in 1913?

Answer 7

Civil government.

Question 8

What was the Tydings-McDuffie Act?

Answer 8

Set a 10-year timeline for independence (1935).

Question 9

How did Americans suppress nationalism?

Answer 9

Through sedition laws and censorship.

Question 10

What were Colorum and Sakdal movements?

Answer 10

Folk religious and anti-American uprisings.

Question 11

What was the Payne-Aldrich Act?

Answer 11

Imposed trade quotas favoring the U.S.

Question 12

What percentage of foreign investment was American by 1940?

Answer 12

About 60%.

Question 13

What industry had major American control?

Answer 13

Sugar and coconut oil industries.

Question 14

What language was pushed in schools?

Answer 14

English.

Question 15

What was the main cultural impact of American education?

Answer 15

Westernization and loss of traditional values.

Question 16

What sports were introduced?

Answer 16

Baseball, basketball, tennis, etc.

Question 17

What was the U.S. tactic in suppressing Muslim resistance?

Answer 17

Divide-and-rule and use of co-opted Muslim leaders.

Question 18

What happened at Bud Bagsak?

Answer 18

A massacre led by Gen. Pershing

Question 19

How did Americans treat native religions?

Answer 19

Viewed them as inferior or primitive.

Question 20

What institution became a cultural gatekeeper?

Answer 20

The public school system.

Question 21

What replaced native governance during U.S. rule?

Answer 21

Appointed local officials aligned with American interests.

Question 22

What major university was founded in 1908?

Answer 22

University of the Philippines.

Question 23

What was the role of the Philippine Commission?

Answer 23

Legislative and administrative body under U.S. rule.

Question 24

What were the messianic movements?

Answer 24

Religious-political revolts against Americans.

Question 25

What trade act extended free trade until 1940?

Answer 25

Tydings-McDuffie Act.

Question 26

What was the Filipino elite’s role under the U.S.?

Answer 26

They cooperated and were integrated into governance.

Question 27

What was the American justification for imperialism?

Answer 27

Civilizing mission.

Question 28

What was the key export to the U.S. during American rule?

Answer 28

Sugar

Question 29

What percentage of Philippine commerce was with the U.S. by 1940?

Answer 29

Around 65–70%.

Question 30

What effect did American policies have on local languages?

Answer 30

They were sidelined in favor of English.

Question 31

What was the American view of Filipino culture?

Answer 31

Inferior and in need of modernization.

Question 32

What characterized Filipino nationalism in the 1930s?

Answer 32

Push for full independence.

Question 33

What was the Jones-Costigan Amendment?

Answer 33

Adjusted U.S.-Philippine trade policies.

Question 34

What was a major consequence of the educational shift?

Answer 34

Emergence of English-speaking Filipino professionals.

Question 35

How did Filipinos perceive modernity?

Answer 35

Equated it with Western values and styles.

Question 36

What was the effect of fashion changes?

Answer 36

Adoption of Western clothing over native wear.

Question 37

Who were the Macabebes?

Answer 37

Filipino soldiers who aided Americans.

Question 38

How did Americans secure loyalty from Filipino elites?

Answer 38

Political inclusion and economic incentives.

Question 39

What was the Kiram-Carpenter Agreement?

Answer 39

Sultan of Sulu renounced political authority in 1915.

Question 40

What was the Moro Province?

Answer 40

A U.S.-created region for Muslim administration (1903–1913).

Question 41

What continued post-1901 despite civil government?

Answer 41

Muslim armed resistance.

Question 42

How did U.S. investments influence politics?

Answer 42

They tied the elite’s interests to colonial stability

Question 43

What was Dean Worcester known for?

Answer 43

His ethnographic photography of Filipinos.

Question 44

What role did religion play under U.S. rule?

Answer 44

It was less dominant compared to Spain but still influential.

Question 45

What did many Filipinos hope for from U.S. rule?

Answer 45

Modernization and democracy.

Question 46

How did American rule affect class structures?

Answer 46

Reinforced elite power, weakened rural masses.

Question 47

What was the Sedition Law of 1907?

Answer 47

Banned nationalistic expressions.

Question 48

What characterized Filipino-American relations by 1935?

Answer 48

Growing nationalism and promised independence.

Question 49

What value system emerged from colonial education?

Answer 49

Pro-American, Western-oriented outlook.

Question 50

What was the ultimate legacy of U.S. imperialism?

Answer 50

Deep political, economic, and cultural imprint on Filipino society.

Question 51

Name two major revolts against American rule in the 1920s–30s.

Answer 51

The Colorum uprisings (1926) and the Sakdal rebellion (1933).

Question 52

Who led a resistance in Sulu that ended with the Kiram-Carpenter Agreement?

Answer 52

Sultan Jamalul Kiram II.