Chapter Nine

Question 1

Optic flow

Answer 1

Stream of visual stimuli that accompanies an observers forward movement throughout space

Question 2

Auditory flow

Answer 2

Change in sound heard as a person and a sound source pass each other

Question 3

How is sensitivity determined in a sensory system?

Answer 3

Receptor density

Question 4

Where is sensory information first projected to in the neocortex?

Answer 4

Its primary cortical area (ie. primary auditory cortex, primary sensorimotor cortex, etc.)

Question 5

Registration of physical stimuli from the environment by the sensory organs

Answer 5

Sensation

Question 6

Subjective interpretation of sensations by the brain

Answer 6

Perception

Question 7

Neural-spatial representation of the body or of the areas of the sensory world perceived by a sensory organ

Answer 7

Topographic map

Question 8

Which sense takes up the most of the brain?

Answer 8

Vision

Question 9

How does the retina discriminate between colours?

Answer 9

Cones respond to a specific range of wavelengths

Question 10

Fovea

Answer 10

Region at the centre of the retina specialized for high acuity, that represents the centre of the eye’s visual field

Question 11

What photoreceptor cells are found in the fovea?

Answer 11

Cones - no rods, and most of the cone cells are found in the fovea, but some extend peripherally

Question 12

Which area of the visual field has the highest acuity?

Answer 12

The centre, at the fovea specifically

Question 13

Where is the blind spot found?

Answer 13

At the optic disk in the retina, where the axons forming the optic nerve leave and blood vessels enter/exit

Question 14

Condition in which a swollen optic disk can cause loss of vision, sometimes due to increased inter-cranial pressure or inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis)

Answer 14

Papilledema

Question 15

How does your visual system accommodate for your blind spot?

Answer 15

The blind spot in each eye is found in a different location within the visual field (both lateral to fovea) and so the eye puts both partial pictures together to form one full one

Question 16

Which photoreceptor cell is more numerous?

Answer 16

Rods

Question 17

Which photoreceptor cell is more sensitive to low intensity/dim light?

Answer 17

Rods

Question 18

Which photoreceptor cell is used mainly for night vision?

Answer 18

Rods

Question 19

Which photoreceptor cell uses only one type of pigment?

Answer 19

Rods

Question 20

Which photoreceptor cell is highly responsive to bright light?

Answer 20

Cones

Question 21

Which photoreceptor cell is specialized for colour and high visual visual acuity?

Answer 21

Cones

Question 22

Which photoreceptor cell has three types of pigments?

Answer 22

Cones

Question 23

Which types of cones respond to blue light ?

Answer 23

S cones, or short wavelength cones

Question 24

Which types of cones respond to green light ?

Answer 24

M cones, or middle wavelength cones

Question 25

Which types of cones respond to red light ?

Answer 25

L cones, or long wavelength cones

Question 26

Which cones are most plentiful in the retina?

Answer 26

Red (L) and green (M) cones are found in equal numbers, with blue cones being less plentiful

Question 27

Cell that receives input from photoreceptors

Answer 27

Bipolar cell

Question 28

Cell that links photoreceptors and bipolar cells

Answer 28

Horizontal cells

Question 29

Cell that links bipolar cells and ganglion cells

Answer 29

Amacrine cells

Question 30

Cells that converge to form the optic nerve

Answer 30

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)

Question 31

Two types of RGS

Answer 31

Magnocellular RGCs (M-cells) and paravocellular RGCs (P-cells)

Question 32

M-cells receive input primarily from _____ and are sensitive to ____________

Answer 32

Rods; light and moving stimuli

Question 33

P-cells receive input primarily from _____ and are sensitive to __________

Answer 33

Cones; colour

Question 34

P-cells project to LGN layers _______, (ie. paravocellular layers)

Answer 34

3-6

Question 35

M-cells project to LGN layers ________ (ie. magnocellular layers)

Answer 35

1-2

Question 36

The junction of the optic nerves from each eye is called the _________

Answer 36

Optic chiasm

Question 37

Which axons cross contralaterally at the optic chiasm?

Answer 37

Axons from the nasal half of each retina

Question 38

Information from the left visual field goes to the _______ side of the brain, and vice versa

Answer 38

Right