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Psych 351D > Section 3: Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Section 3: Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings

A

Emotions

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2
Q

Behaviour that seems purposeful and goal directed

A

Motivation

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3
Q

Behaviour is regulated by….

A

Reward

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4
Q

Three main brain areas of emotion and motivation

A

Hypothalamus, limbic system, and frontal lobes

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5
Q

What two types of inputs can regulated brain circuits for reward?

A

Hormones and chemical senses

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6
Q

How are olfactory receptors activated?

A

Odourants dissolve in mucous of olfactory epithelium and interact with ORN cilia -> metabotropic activation leads to opening of Na+ channels

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7
Q

How is a given odourant recognized?

A

By the unique pattern of receptors that it activats

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8
Q

What are the two main pathways of olfaction?

A

Thalamic and non-thalamic

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9
Q

The non-thalamic pathway of olfaction goes where from the olfactory bulb?

A

Amygdala and pyriform cortex

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10
Q

The thalamic pathway of olfaction goes from olfactory bulb, to _______ of the thalamus, to where?

A

dorsomedial nucleus; orbitofrontal cortex

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11
Q

Pathway of pheromone activation

A

pheromones bind to vomeronasal organ –> accessory olfactory bulb –> amygdala and hypothalamus

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12
Q

In humans, a stranger’s body odour activates what?

A

Amygdala and insular cortex

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13
Q

What two demographics have the most sensitive taste?

A

Children and supertasters

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14
Q

The umami receptor is especially sensitive to what?

A

Glutamate

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15
Q

Each of the five taste receptor types respond to what?

A

The five different chemical components of food: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

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16
Q

How does gustatory stimuli activate the gustatory system?

A

Stimuli interact with receptor tips/microvilli, and ion channels open

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17
Q

What cranial nerves form the main gustatory tract?

A

Cranial nerves 7, 9, 10

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18
Q

Name of the main gustatory nerve tract?

A

Solitary tract

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19
Q

Where does the solitary tract enter the brain stem?

A

Nucleus of the solitary tract

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20
Q

The nucleus of the solitary tract projects to the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, and then to which two routes?

A
  1. ) the primary somatosensory cortex to localize taste/texture on tongue
  2. ) the primary gustatory cortex to figure out taste, before being mixed with smell in the orbitofrontal cortex to give perception of flavour
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21
Q

The right orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for perception of what kind of flavour?

A

Pleasent

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22
Q

The left orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for perception of what kind of flavour?

A

Unpleasent

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23
Q

What is an innate releasing mechanism?

A

Innate behaviours triggered in response to a stimulus

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24
Q

Example of IRM in human babies?

A

Babies mimic exaggerated facial expressions without understanding meaning by matching internal templates

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25
_______ suggested that a rewarding event strengthens the behaviour it follows
Skinner
26
The predisposition to respond to certain stimuli differently than others is called ______
Preparedness
27
The aversion acquired between a specific taste or odour and an illness is called?
Learned taste aversion
28
The process that maintains critical body functions within a narrow and fixed range is called?
Homeostatic regualtion
29
Circuitry of homeostatic mechanisms?
Inputs from frontal lobe and limbic system --> funneled through hypothalamus --> brain stem circuits to produce motivated behaviours
30
Internal temp, eating, drinking, salt consumption, and waste elimination are all examples of?
Regulatory behaviour
31
Behaviour motivated to meet the survival needs of an animal are called what?
Regulatory behaviours
32
Behaviours unnecessary to meet the basic survival needs of the animal are called?
Non-regulatory behaviours
33
Sexual behaviour, parental behaviour, aggression, food preference, curiosity, and reading are all examples of what?
Non-regulatory behaviours
34
Non-regulatory behaviours involve ______ more than the hypothalamus
Frontal lobes
35
How does the hypothalamus regulate homeostasis?
Via endocrine and autonomic systems
36
The principle function of the hypothalamus in hormone secretions?
Control of the pituitary gland
37
Three regions of the hypothalamus?
Lateral region, medial region, and paraventricular region
38
The paraventricular region of the hypothalamus contains?
Oxytocin
39
_______: the bonding hormone
Oxytocin
40
The lateral region of the hypothalamus contains?
Nuclei and nerve tracts that connect the brainstem to the forebrain
41
Three main functions of the medial forebrain bundle
1. connecting structures in the brainstem with various parts of the limbic system 2. Forms the activating projections from the brainstem to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex 3. dopamine-containing fibres involved in reward and motivation
42
The posterior pituitary contains what kind of tissue?
Neural tissue
43
The anterior pituitary contains what type of tissue?
Glandular tissue
44
The _____ pituitary synthesizes hormones
Anterior
45
_______ hormones: peptides released by the hypothalamus to increase or decrease the release of hormones from the _______ pituitary
Releasing; anterior
46
6 major hormones produced by the anterior pituitary
ATCH, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin, and GH
47
ATCH controls secretions of the?
Adrenal cortex
48
TSH controls secretions of the?
Thyroid
49
FSH controls secretions of the?
Gonads
50
LH controls secretions of the?
Gonads
51
Prolactin controls secretions of the?
Mammary glands
52
GH promotes?
Growth throughout the body
53
Three factors involved in controlling hypothalamic hormone-related activity
Feedback loops, neural regulation, and experiential responses
54
Two important characteristics of behaviours generated by hypothalamic stimulation are?
Survival and reward
55
Amygdala inputs and outputs?
Inputs: all sensory systems Outputs: primarily the hypothalamus and brainstem
56
The function of the prefrontal cortex?
Contributes to specifying the goals of movements; controls selection of movements appropriate to the particular time and context
57
Abnormalities in _______ inputs into the prefrontal cortex may account for disorders such as schizophrenia
Dopaminergic
58
Functions of the prefrontal cortex
Selecting behaviours appropriate to the particular time and place
59
Three components of emotion
1. autonomic response 2. subjective feelings 3. cognitions
60
Structures associated with autonomic responses to emotions?
Hypothalamus, ENS
61
Structures associated with the subjective feelings of emotions?
Amygdala and parts of frontal lobes
62
Structures associated with cognition of emotions?
Cerebral cortex
63
The James-Lange theory of emotion states:
Physiological changes --> brain interprets changes as emotions
64
Loss of emotionality during spinal cord injuries is highest when?
The lesion is high o the spine
65
The somatic marker hypothesis of emotions states:
Emotions are linked to thoughts/decisions/actions, and emotions are responses induced by either internal or external stimuli not normally noticed consciously
66
Kluver-Bucy syndrome:
Removal of amygdala
67
Symptoms of Kluver-Bucy (6)
1. Tameness/loss of fear 2. indiscriminate dietary behaviour 3. increased and inappropriate sexual activity 4. indiscriminate response to visual stimuli 5. tendency to put everything in mouth 6. visual agnosia
68
_________ is responsible for the conscious awareness of emotional states produced by the limbic system
Orbitofrontal area
69
Digestions is controlled by the:
Enteric nervous system (ENS)
70
Three types of nutrients extracted during digestion
Lipids Amino acids Glucose
71
When food reaches the intestine, it triggers release of peptide hormones such as _______, a hormone that diminishes appetite
Cholecytokinin (CKK)
72
Legions to the ______ ___________ cause aphagia
Lateral hypothalamus
73
Aphagia:
A failure to eat
74
Lesions to the ______ ____________ cause hyperphasia
Ventromedial hypothalamus
75
Hyperaphasia:
Overeating
76
The lateral hypothalamus signals eating ____; the ventromedial hypothalamus signals eating _____
On; off
77
Hypothalamus receives inputs from..... to control feeding behaviour
ENS, hormone systems for info like level of CCK, and brain areas processing cognitive factors
78
Feeding behaviour; damage to the amygdala causes?
altered food preferences and abolishment of taste aversion learning
79
Feeding behaviour; damage to the orbital prefrontal cortex causes?
Decreased feeding due to decreased sensory responses to food odour/taste
80
Two types of thirst:
Osmotic and hypovolemic
81
Osmotic thirst results from? Solved by?
Results from increased [solutes]; drinking water
82
Hypovolemic thirst results from? Solved by?
Loss of overall fluid volume; drink non-water fluids to restore nutrients
83
Receptors in the ______________ detect altered solute concentrations responsible for osmotic thirst
Hypothalamus along the third ventricle
84
Water intoxication - cause and physiology
When you sweat heavily and drink water without electrolytes, the body tissues swell with excess fluids and drown the cells in freshwater
85
When total volume of body fluids decline, the _______ signal ________ (using ______) triggering urge to drink beverages with electrolytes
kidneys; midline hypothalamic neurons; angiotensin
86
How does estrogen suppress male characteristics?
Estrogen methylates preoptic areas of females
87
Differential development of brain areas in the two sexes, as influenced by the gonadal hormones estradiol and testosterone
Sexual dimorphism
88
Effects of estradiol on the male brain?
Masculinization - aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol, and alpha-feroprotein prevents estrogen from entering neurons
89
Preoptic area of the hypothalamus of females is five times ______ than in males
Smaller
90
Adult female sexual behaviour is influenced by;
Varying estrogen levels across the estrous cycle
91
Adult male sexual behaviour is influenced by
Testosterone levels - high levels increase motivation and production
92
How are hippocampal pyramidal neurons affected by estrogen?
high estrogen = high dendritic spines and vice versa
93
Differences in the hypothalamus of hetero vs homosexual males
Homosexual males form a third sex; hypothalamus differs from both female and heterosexual males
94
5 biological factors associated with transgender identity
1. chromosomal abnormalities 2. polymorphisms of genes for estrogen and androgen receptors 3. abnormal gonadal hormone levels 4. prenatal exposure to some anticonvulsants 5. immune activity directed to Y chromosome
95
Two independent processes of reward:
Wanting and liking

Psych 351D (4 decks)

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