Section 3: Chapter 13 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
What is a biorhythm?
A
The inherent timing mechanism that controls or initiates various biological processes.
2
Q
Circadian rhythm
A
Daily
3
Q
Circannual rhythm
A
Yearly
4
Q
Infradian rhythm
A
Less than a year
5
Q
Ultraradian rhythm
A
Less than a day
6
Q
A rhythm of the body’s own devising in the absence of all external cues
A
Free-Running Rhythms
7
Q
How long is a period of human’s free-running rhythm?
A
25-27 hours
8
Q
How much does the human sleep-wake cycle shift every day?
A
About an hour or so
9
Q
If a nocturnal animal is kept in constant darkness, it’s free running periods are _________ than 24 hours
A
Shorter
10
Q
If a nocturnal animal is kept in constant light, it’s free running periods are _________ than 24 hours
A
Longer
11
Q
If a diurnal animal is kept in constant darkness, it’s free running periods are _________ than 24 hours
A
Longer
12
Q
If a diurnal animal is kept in constant light, it’s free running periods are _________ than 24 hours
A
Shorter
13
Q
An environmental event that entrails biological rhythms (ie. a time setter) are called……
A
Zeitgebers
14
Q
__________ determines or modifies the period of a biorhythm
A
Entrainment
15
Q
Which nucleus is the email pacemaker of circadian rhythms?
A
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
16
Q
SCN cells increase ___________ __________ during light period, and are more ____________ active
A
Metabolic activity; electrically
17
Q
True or false: SCN neurons maintain rhythmic activity in the absence of input and output
A
True
18
Q
True or false: isolated SCN neurons remain rhythmic with all cells having the same rhythm
A
False - isolated SCN neurons remain rhythmic BUT some cells will have different rhythmicity from each other
19
Q
What is the neural pathway from cones in the retina to the SCN that regulates biological rhythm?
A
Retinohypothalamic pathway
20
Q
The specialized photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGC) of the retinohypothalamic pathway contain the photosensitive pigment ___________
A
Melanopsin
21
Q
pRCG axons __________ innervate the ___________
A
Bilaterally; SCN
22
Q
The retinohypothalamic tract innervates _________ cells of the SCN
A
Core
23
Q
Core neurons entrain _______ neurons of the SCN
A
Shell
24
Q
Which of the following are rhythmic? Core neurons, shell neurons, or both
A
Shell neurons are rhythmic
25
What are the two pathways through which non-photic events influence SCN rhythm?
Intergeniculate leaflet and raphe nucleus
26
The m-cell neurons control ______ activity and need ________ for entrainment
Morning; light
27
E-cell neurons control ________ activity and need ________ for entrainment
Evening; darkness
28
Circadian rhythm entails a feed_____ loop in which proteins are first made and then combined into a _________
Feedback; dimer
29
The dimer produced by circadian feedback loops __________ production of it’s component proteins
Inhibits
30
SCN pacemakers drive ______ __________, which control the rhythmic occurrence of one behaviour
Slave oscillators
31
SCN pacemakers drive slave oscillators via _________, ___________, or __________
Hormones, proteins, or neurotransmitters
32
Entraining signals from SCN come via the _____________
Hypothalamus
33
The hypothalamus connect with ___________ ___________ neurons to control hormone release
Pituitary endocrine
34
Draw out pacemaking circadian rhythms pathways
Don’t forget
35
An instrument used to measure electrical activity of the brain and body
Polygraph
36
Used to record brain wave activity
Electroencephalogram
37
Used to record muscle activity
Electromyogram
38
Used to record eye movements
Electrooculogram
39
Small-amplitude waves with a fast frequency, muscle tone, and eye movement
Beta rhythm waves
40
Beta rhythm waves is associated with a ______ state
Waking
41
Large-amplitude and slow frequency waves with muscle tone and closed eyes
Alpha rhythm
42
Alpha rhythm waves are associated with a __________ state
Relaxed
43
EEG waves are increasing with a slower frequency, muscle tone, and no eye movement
Theta rhythm
44
Theta rhythm waves as associated with a ___________ state
Drowsy
45
Slow large EEG waves associated with loss of consciousness, muscle tone and no eye movements
Delta rhythm waves
46
Delta rhythm waves are associated with a ____________ state
Sleeping
47
Fast brain wave pattern displayed by the neocortical EEG record during sleep, with muscle inactivity except for eye movements and twitches
REM sleepy
48
Delta rhythm sleep period during which EEG pattern is slow and large and EOG is inactive
NREM sleep
49
Stages of a typical night sleep
Awake -> non-REM (stage 1->2->3-
| >4) -> REM
50
One cycle to REM and back lasts approximately _______ minutes
90
51
_____ dominates early sleep periods
NREM
52
______ sleep dominates later sleep
REM
53
Body temperature is lowest during _________and higher during _________
early/NREM; later/REM
54
Phase of sleep associated with decreased body temp, increase in growth hormone release, talking or teeth grinding, and flailing movements
NREM sleep
55
Phase of sleep where muscle posture is maintained
NREM
56
Phases in which we dream
NREM and REM
57
Phase in which we have the most vivid dreams
REM
58
Phase of sleep associated with atonia, lack of temperature regulation, and distal twitching
REM
59
Which phase of sleep do night terrors occur in?
NREM
60
____________ _____________ believed that dreams are a symbolic fulfillment of unconscious wishes
Sigmund Freud
61
_____________ content: loosely connected series of bizarre images and actions (Freud)
Manifest content
62
________ content: true meaning of the dream (Freud)
Latent content
63
Believed that dreams are expressions of memories that have lost connection to consciousness, and allow the dreamer to relive a “collective unconsciousness”
Carl Jung
64
Pacemaking produced by the SCN is a product of its ________ cells, which activate slave oscillators via both ________ and ________ connections
Shell; chemical; anatomical
65
What dictates optimal times for an activity during the circadian rhythm?
The way an activity depends on expenditure of metabolic activity
66
Approximately how much of the genome is under epigenetic control of the circadian rhythm?
10 percent
67
What is the purpose of the SCN in control over cognitive activities?
It helps cognitive activity to occur in the right time and place, but does not have direct control over cognitive activities themselves
68
What is the effect that accounts for the proportion of an emotional response to an event that occurs independently of the event itself
Time of day effect
69
Most dreams are related to.....
Recent events and ongoing problems
70
Bottom up approach to dream analysis
Says there is no meaning in dreams; the person has a dream and either the dreamer or a dream interpreter analyzes it
71
Top down approach to dream analysis
Content of dreams reflect biologically adaptive mechanism; the dreamer makes the dream
72
Activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreams
Dreams have no meaning; are formed from the cortex being bombarded with signals from the brain stem, which then generates images, actions, and emotions from personal memory stores
73
Evolutionary hypothesis of dreams
Dreams are a coping strategy; dreams are focused on threatening images and therefore adaptive as they lead to enhanced performance in dealing with threatening life events
74
The evolutionary hypothesis of dreams is an extension of the _____ ________ approach to dream interpretation as it contends that people are problem solvers when awake and continue to problem solve when asleep
Top-down
75
REM sleep is characterized by eye movements, as recorded by the ________; and waking activity recorded by _________; and waking activity recorded by the ___________
EOG; EMG; EEG
76
What makes interpreting dreams so difficult?
Interpretation is susceptible to subjective bias
77
Three main contemporary explanations for sleep
1. Sleep is adaptive (ie. it accomplishes something)
2. Sleep is restorative
3. Sleep is supportive of memory
78
Lines of evidence (4) for sleep as a biological adaptation as it relates to energy conservation and food gathering (animals sleep when they cannot gather food easily)
1. Predators sleep more than prey
2. Animals with nutrient rich diet spend less time foraging and more time sleeping
3. Nocturnal/diurnal animals sleep when they cannot travel easily
4. Animals gather food at optimum times and sleep the rest of the time
79
Lines of evidence (3) for sleep being a biological adaptation, as it contributes to energy conservation
1. Energy is not being expended
2. Switching off the brain during sleep - especially NREM - conserves energy
3. Decreased body temperature decreases the body’s metabolism
80
Reoccurring cycle of temporal packets, during which an animals level of arousal waxes and wanes
Basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC)
81
BRAC period in humans
90 minutes
82
School classes, work periods, meal times, coffee or snack breaks, NREM and REM periods are all examples of....
BRAC
83
The hypothesis for sleep as a restorative process states that...
Replenishing chemical events that provide cellular energy
84
Sleep deprivation leads to decreased performance on tasks that require __________
Attention
85
Sleep lasting a second or so, which cannot be avoided
Micro sleep
86
When you consistently wake people up before they hit REM, it gets __________ to keep depriving them of REM
Harder
87
Phenomena wherein subjects who are deprived of sleep spend more time in REM in the first available sleep session
REM rebound
88
Antidepressants _________ the time spend in REM sleep
Decrease
89
The phase in which a memory is fragile and must compete with existing memories and the addition of new memories
The initial labile phase of memory consolidation
90
The phase that forges a relatively permanent representation of the memory; biochemical and genetic activity lead to structural changes
Consolidation phase of memory storage
91
The phase of memory storage that puts the memory to work at some future time and also integrates into existing memory storage
Recall phase of memory consolidation
92
The multiple process theory of sleep and memory storage
Different kinds of memory are stored during different sleep states
93
The sequential process theory of sleep and memory storage
Memory is manipulated in different ways during different sleep stages
94
The storage process theory of sleep and memory storage
Brain regions that handle different kinds of memory during waking continue to do so during sleep; sleep means no competition from new waking experiences
95
What happens to explicit memories during NREM sleep?
Experiences are being “replayed” and stored
96
How were place cell hippocampal neurons in rats used to show that explicit memory is being replayed during NREM sleep
Place cell neurons fire when a rat is in a certain place; when they recorded 100 cells at the same time during NREM sleep after a food search, activity of place cells becomes correlated
97
Melatonin: secreted by the ________
pineal gland
98
Effects on sleep of removing pineal gland
None, sleep persists anyways
99
Effects of melatonin
Sleepiness (not sleep)
100
Reticular activating system: associated with?
Sleep-wake behaviour and behavioural arousal
101
Stimulation of reticular formation produces _______ EEG; damage produces ______ EEG
Waking; slow-wave
102
Damage to reticulation formation can result in?
A coma
103
Why does cutting afferent pathways to reticular formation cause desynchronized EEG?
Reticular formation causes waking, and afferent/sensory stimulation activates RAS neurons
104
Two brainstem systems that influence waking:
Basal forebrain, and median raphe nucleus of midbrain
105
The basal forebrain influences waking via:
Cholinergic cells that activate neocortical neurons, which stimulate a beta/waking EEG rhythm
106
The median raphe nucleus influences waking via:
Serotonergic neruons project diffusely to neocortex to stimulate beta rhythms
107
Damage to both the forebrain and median raphe nucleus leads to an animal displaying what sleep behaviour?
Why?
An animal can walk around but no longer learn or display intelligent behaviour; the RAS produces its arousal effects via these two pathways
108
How does the peribrachial area effect sleep and via what circuits?
Cholinergic nucleus in dorsal brainstem projects to medial pontine reticulum to initiate REM sleep and REM-related behaviours
109
How does the medial pontine reticular formation participate in REM sleep?
Projects to several brain areas that produce REM-related behaviours such as atonia
110
Two brainstem nuclei responsible for REM
Peribrachial area and medial pontine reticular formation
111
Two most common disorders of NREM sleep
Insomnia and narcolepsy
112
Insomnia is a disorder of ______ wave sleep
Slow
113
Atonia and dreaming when a person is awake (usually just as they are falling asleep or waking up)
Sleep paralysis
114
A form of narcolepsy linked to strong emotional stimuli
Cataplexy
115
Dreamlike events at the beginning of sleep or while a person is in a state of cataplexy
Hypnogogic hallucination
