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ANAT 315 > Chapter One: Intro to Gross Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter One: Intro to Gross Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Body standing, feet flat on the floor, head upright, eyes straight ahead, arms by the side, hands down, palms forward and fingers and thumbs unclenched

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2
Q

Superior and Inferior

A

Superior: is above (shoulder is superior to the hip)
Inferior: is below (spine is inferior to the skull)

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3
Q

Medial and Lateral

A

Medial: is towards the centre (chest is medial to the arm)
Lateral: is towards the sides (arm is lateral to the chest)

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4
Q

Anterior and Posterior

A

Anterior: is the front of the body (sternum is anterior to heart)
Posterior: is the back of the body (heart is posterior to the sternum)

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5
Q

Proximal and Distal

A

Proximal: is close to body attachment
Distal: is further away from the body attachment (wrist is distal to the elbow)

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6
Q

Superficial and Deep

A

Superficial: is closer to the body surface (muscles are superficial to bones)
Deep: is further into the body (muscles are deep to the skin)

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7
Q

Horizontal/Transverse

A

Any section perpendicular to the vertical plane, splits the body into top and bottom sections

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8
Q

Coronal/Frontal

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections, front and back sections

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9
Q

Sagittal

A

Divides the body into right and left portions

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10
Q

Connective tissues: What are ligaments?

A

Connect one bone to the next
- found around joints
- responsible for joint integrity

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11
Q

Connective tissues: What are tendons?

A

Connect muscle to bone
- equally as strong as ligaments
- some are long, some are short

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12
Q

Supporting tissues: What are the bone layers?

A

Outer cortical layer: made up of compact bone (hard and strong)
Inner layer: made up of cancellous bone (spongy)
Medullary Cavity (medulla): made up of hematopoeitic blood (deepest part of the bones)

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13
Q

Parts of the bone: Diaphysis

A

Is a long shaft, usually but does not always have an epiphysis at each end

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14
Q

Parts of the bone: Epiphysis

A

Found on each end, making up the articular joint surfaces of the bone

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15
Q

Parts of the bone: Epiphyseal Plate

A

Is the growth plate

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16
Q

Parts of the bone: Nutrient Foramina

A

Hole in the bone where blood vessels enter and leave

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17
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

-smooth muscle
-cardiac muscle
-skeletal muscle

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18
Q

Types of muscle: What is smooth muscle?

A

Found in: the Digestive Tract, Urinary Tract and Reproductive System
- it is an involuntary/not under conscious control striated muscle
- thick and thin filaments

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19
Q

Types of muscle: What is cardiac muscle?

A

Found: only in the Heart
- the rate of contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system

20
Q

Types of muscle: What is skeletal muscle?

A

Found: throughout the body, attached to bones via tendons
- voluntary muscle, under direct control of the brain via motor fibres of the somatic nervous system
- composed of long fibres (cells)

21
Q

Skeletal muscle terminology: Origin

A

Is the attachment of the muscle to the bone (usually proximal attachment) that is stationary during movement

22
Q

Skeletal muscle terminology: Insertion

A

Is the attachment of the muscle by a tendon, into the bone (more distal than origin)

23
Q

Skeletal muscle terminology: Motor Unit

A

Is a group of muscle cells innervated by branches of the same motor nerve

24
Q

Types of tissues: Simple Epithelial

A

One layer of cells thick

25
Q

Types of tissues: Stratified Epithelium

A

Multiple layers of cells thick

26
Q

Types of tissues: Squamous Epithelium

A

Flat cells
- lines blood vessels and blood cavities

27
Q

Types of tissues: Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Cubic cells
- found in glandular secreting tissue and kidney tubules

28
Q

Types of tissues: Columnar Epithelium

A

Tall tissue
- covers the intestinal tract from the end of the esophagus to the beginning of the rectum
- lines the ducts of many glands

29
Q

Types of Tissues: Superficial Fascia

A

Forms the insulating layer of the skin

30
Q

Types of tissues: Loose Connective Tissue

A
  • made up of cells and fibres
  • makes up superficial fascia of gross anatomy
  • fills spaces of the body, has many structural metabolic and immune functions
31
Q

Types of tissues: Adipose Tissue

A

Loose connective tissue made up of fat cells

32
Q

Cartilage: What is Cartilage

A

Type of supporting and connective tissue
- it is softer and more pliable than bones
- it receives nutrients through diffusion

33
Q

Cartilage: Hyaline Cartilage

A

Most common tissue
- covers joint surfaces, coastal cartilage and nasal septum
- precursor of bones

34
Q

Cartilage: Elastic Cartilage

A

Very flexible tissue
- covers external ear, epiglottis and eustachian tube

35
Q

Cartilage: Fibrocartilage

A

Inelastic cartilage
- very tough
- covers intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis

36
Q

2 basic nervous tissue cells

A

Neurons: active cells
Glia: supporting cells

37
Q

What are the 3 parts of a Neuron?

A
  1. cell body
  2. axon
  3. dendrites
38
Q

What is Myelin?

A

Forms the myelin sheath
- this wraps around the axon

39
Q

What are the 4 Glial Cell types?

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. microcytes
  4. ependymal cells
40
Q

Cell types: Astrocytes

A

Largest population of glia
- star-like
- interconnect between neurons, themselves and between neurons and capillaries

41
Q

Cell Types: Oligodendrocytes

A

Forms insulation for axons in the central nervous system (CNS)

42
Q

Cell Types: Microcytes

A

Central nervous system ‘clean up’ cells that remove debris

43
Q

Cell Types: Ependymal cells

A

Specialized cells lining the ventricles of the central nervous system

44
Q

What is Synapses?

A

Points of contact between neurons
- how one neuron communicates with the other
- uni- directional

45
Q

Types of nerves: What are the two types of nerves?

A
  1. efferent nerves (motor/outgoing fibres)
  2. afferent nerves (sensory/incoming fibres)
46
Q

Types of nerves: Somatic nerves

A

Going to a skeletal muscle

ANAT 315 (11 decks)

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