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ANAT 315 > Chapter Three: The Spine > Flashcards

Chapter Three: The Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral column consists of 30 vertebrae

A

(7) cervical vertebrae: in the neck
(12) thoracic vertebrae: in the thorax
(5) lumbar vertebrae: in the lower back
(5) fused sacral vertebrae: in the sacrum
(1) or (2) coccygeal vertebrae: in the coccyx or tail bone

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2
Q

Vertebral structure two main parts

A
  • Body and a disc
  • Vertebral arch
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3
Q

Vertebral body and disc

A

bodies articulate vertically with each other via intervertebral discs

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4
Q

Annulus Fibrosis

A

outer fibrocartilage cortex

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5
Q

Nucleus pulposus (part of disc)

A

pulpy inner core (medulla)

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6
Q

Intervertebral disc consists of

A
  • annulus fibrosis
  • disc
  • nucleus pulposus
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7
Q

Elements of the vertebral arch

A
  • pedicles
  • lamina
  • vertebral foramen
  • vertebral canal
  • infravertebral notch
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8
Q

Vertebral arch: pedicles

A
  • bony processes that attach on each side of the body
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9
Q

Vertebral arch: lamina

A

connects to the pedicles anteriorly and to each other posteriorly

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10
Q

Vertebral arch: vertebral foreamen

A

the arch and the posterior aspect of the vertebral body

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11
Q

Vertebral arch: vertebral canal

A

vertical cylinder made up of all the vertebral foramina
- where the spinal cord runs through

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12
Q

Vertebral arch: infravertebral notch

A

formed by the body and the vertebral arch
- where pedicle meets pedicle

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13
Q

Processes of the vertebral column

A
  • articular process
  • transverse process
  • spinous process
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14
Q

Processes of the vertebral column: articular process

A
  • inferior articular process and superior articular process
  • they form the joint (apophyseal)
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15
Q

Processes of the vertebral column: transverse process

A
  • serves as attachments for muscles
  • in thorax serves as attachments for ribs
  • projects laterally
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16
Q

Processes of the vertebral column: spinous process

A
  • single process that projects backwards
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17
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A
  • where the spinal nerves enter and exit the column
  • very critical if damaged
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18
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

(7) cervical vertebrae C1-C7

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19
Q

The atlas

A
  • C1
  • holds up the skull
  • has larger vertebral foramen and little to no body
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20
Q

The axis

A
  • C2
  • prominent feature is the dens
  • fits into the extra space of C1
  • permits rotation of the head
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21
Q

Transverse ligament

A
  • holds dens to atlas
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22
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • where C1 attaches to the occipital condyles
23
Q

Typical cervical vertebrae

A
  • oval and thin
  • spinous processes are bifid (split in two posteriorly)
  • discs are thick because neck is flexible
  • contain transverse foramen
24
Q

Cervical vertebrae: transverse foramen

A
  • allows for passage of vertebral artery and vein
25
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A
  • (12) thoracic vertebrae
  • bodies are heart shaped and thicker than cervical vertebral bodies
  • spinous process is more inferior
  • apophyseal joints are oriented coronally
26
Q

Thoracic vertebrae: transverse costovertebral joints

A
  • formed by joint facets for the ribs
27
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A
  • L1 - L5
  • bodies and discs are thick and kidney shaped
  • lumbar part is flexible
  • apophyseal joints are oriented sagittally allowing for flexion and extension
  • lower discs are most likely to be damaged
28
Q

Sacrum

A
  • S1-S5
  • located between the right and left iliac bones and forms the pelvis
  • top of the sacrum S1 joins last lumbar vertebra L5 together
29
Q

Sacroiliac joint

A
  • joins the sacrum (axial skeleton) to the hipbone (appendicular skeleton)
30
Q

Curvatures of the vertebral column

A

Cervical: convex anteriorly (secondary)
Thoracic: concave anteriorly (primary)
Lumbar: convex anteriorly (secondary)
Sacral: concave anteriorly (primary)

31
Q

Primary vs secondary curvatures

A

primary: curvatures present in the fetus
secondary: curvatures develop after birth

32
Q

Kyphosis

A

excessive curvature in the upper thoracic region (hunchbacks)

33
Q

Lordosis

A

excessive curvature in the lumbar region (lower region)

34
Q

Scoliosis

A

coronal malcurvature of the spine to one or both sides

35
Q

The longitudinal ligaments

A
  • 2 that run the whole length of the spinal column
36
Q

The longitudinal ligaments: anterior longitudinal ligament

A
  • the stronger of the two ligaments
  • runs down the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies
37
Q

The longitudinal ligaments: posterior longitudinal ligament

A
  • runs down along the dorsal aspects of the vertebral bodies in the vertebral canal
38
Q

Ligaments of the arches: ligamentum flavum

A
  • joins the laminae of the vertebrae
  • deep within the neural arches
  • made up of elastic tissue and can stretch
  • runs between vertebral arches
39
Q

Ligaments of the arches: interspinous ligaments

A
  • connect adjacent spinous processes
  • strong in the lumbar region
  • goes between the spines
40
Q

Ligaments of the arches: supraspinous ligaments

A
  • connects the tip of one spinous process with another
  • cord-like structure
41
Q

Ligaments of the arches: ligamentum nuchae

A
  • the ligament of the neck
  • contains a lot of elastic tissue
  • thick and important in maintaining head posture
42
Q

Ligaments of the arches: intertransverse ligaments

A
  • connects the transverse processes with each other
43
Q

Muscles of the neck

A
  • include the splenius capitis and the semispinalis capitis
  • both take origin from the lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebral arches
44
Q

Muscles of the neck: semisplenius capitis

A
  • inserts on the occipital bone
  • covers the small muscles of the suboccipital region
45
Q

Muscles of the neck: splenius capitis

A
  • runs obliquely and insets onto the mastoid process
  • extends the head and turns the head
46
Q

Muscles of the back

A

Split into two groups: superficial and deep
Superficial: consists of the erector spinae muscles
Deep: involves the tiny transversospinalis msucles

47
Q

Muscles of the back superficial group: Spinalis

A

sits against the spine (median)

48
Q

Muscles of the back superficial group: Longissimus

A

long starts further down (goes up the middle)

49
Q

Muscles of the back superficial group: Ilioscotalis

A

starts on the illum (pelvis) and is the most lateral

50
Q

Muscles of the back deep group: transversospinalis

A
  • these muscles lie deep to the most medial column of the erector spinae
  • consist of small slips of muscle running down from the spine to transverse processes three or four levels below
51
Q

Actions of the muscles of the back

A
  • these muscles extend along the entire vertebral column and aid in posture
  • the deep group produces localized lateral rotation
52
Q

Innervation of back muscles: dorsal rami

A
  • all vertebral muscles are innervated by the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
  • exits from the intervertebral foramina at each spinal level
53
Q

Innervation of back muscles: ventral rami

A
  • anterior division of a spinal nerve
  • supply antero-lateral parts of the trunk and limbs
  • larger than dorsal rami

ANAT 315 (11 decks)

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