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Chemistry 121 > Chapter One: Matter, Energy, and Measurement > Flashcards

Chapter One: Matter, Energy, and Measurement Flashcards

1
Q

What is Matter?

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass. It is the physical material of the universe and is comprised of elements.

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2
Q

What is a Property?

A

The only characteristic that allows us to recognize a particular type of matter and to distinguish it from other types.

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3
Q

What is an Element? How many are there?

A

There are 118 elements. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Each element is composed of a unique one of atom.

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4
Q

What is an Atom?

A

The smallest representative particle of an element. The almost infinitely small building blocks of matter.

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5
Q

What is a Molecule?

A

A chemical combination of two or more atoms.
Even the smallest difference in composition can cause profound differences in properties.

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6
Q

What does a Chemist do? (3)

A
  1. Make new types of matter: materials, substances, or combinations of substances with desired properties
  2. Measure the properties of matter
  3. Develop models that explain and/or predict the properties of matter
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7
Q

Gas

A

No fixed shape or volume
Uniformally fills container
Can be compressed to occupy a smaller volume or expand to occupy a larger one

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8
Q

Liquid

A

Distinct volume
Takes shape of its container
Not compressible

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9
Q

Solid

A

Definite shape and volume
Not compressible

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10
Q

What is a Pure Substance?

A

Matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties that do not vary from sample to sample Either an element or a compound

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11
Q

What is a Compound?

A

Substances composed of two or more elements (two or more kinds of atoms)

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12
Q

What elements account for over 90% of the human body?

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen

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13
Q

Law of Constant Composition (Law of Definite Proportions)

A

a law that states that the elemental composition of a compound is always the same

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14
Q

Heterogenous

A

Vary in texture and appearance

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15
Q

Homogenous

A

(Solution) Uniform

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16
Q

What is a Physical Property? Examples?

A

Properties that can be measured without changing the composition of a substance
Color, Freezing Point, Odor, Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Hardness

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17
Q

What is a Chemical Property? Examples?

A

Properties that describe the way a substance may change, or react, to form other substances Flammability, Reactivity, Oxidation

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18
Q

What is an Intensive Property? Examples?

A

Does not depend on the amount of sample being examined
Temperature and Melting Point

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19
Q

What is an Extensive Property? Examples?

A

Dependent on the amount of sample
Mass and Volume

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20
Q

Define a Physical Change:

A

When a substance changes its physical appearance but not its composition (changes of state)

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21
Q

Define a Chemical Change:

A

When a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance (chemical rxn)

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22
Q

What is Distillation?

A

A separation process that depends on the different abilities of substances to form gases

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23
Q

Define Energy:

A

The capacity to do work or to transfer heat

24
Q

Define Work:

A

The energy transferred when a force exerted on an object causes a displacement (movement of that object)

25
Q

Define Heat:

A

The energy that causes the temperature of an object to increase. The flow of energy from a body at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature when they are placed in thermal contact

26
Q

Define Kinetic Energy:
Formula?

A

The energy that an object possesses by virtue of its motion
Ek = 1/2(mv)^2

27
Q

Define Potential Energy:

A

The energy that an object possesses as a result of its position with respect to another object

28
Q

Define Chemical Energy:

A

The energy released when bonds between atoms are formed and the energy that is consumed when bonds between atoms are broken

29
Q

What is a Derived Unit?

A

An SI unit that is obtained by multiplication or division of one or more of the SI base units
(EX: m^3)

30
Q

Chemistry Scientific Method (5)

A
  1. Collect Information
  2. Formulate a Hypothesis
  3. Test the Hypothesis
  4. Formulate a Theory
  5. Repeatedly test the Theory
31
Q

The Celsius Scale is…

A

a temperature scale at which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees at sea level

32
Q

Celsius to Kelvin Equation:

A

K = C + 273.15

33
Q

The Kelvin Scale is…

A

the SI temperature scale. Zero on the Kelvin Scale is the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases (absolute zero)

34
Q

Define Joule:

A

The SI unit of energy

35
Q

Definitely Calorie:

A

A unit of energy in which it is needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celcius from 14.5 to 15.5 degrees Celcius

36
Q

Define Precision:

A

The closeness of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity

37
Q

Define Accuracy:

A

A measure of how closely individual measurements agree with the correct or “true” value

38
Q

Are zeroes between nonzero digits significant?

A

Yes

39
Q

Are zeroes at the beginning of a number significant?

A

No

40
Q

Are zeroes at the end of a number significant?

A

Only if the number contains a decimal point

41
Q

How many significant figures in the result of addition and subtraction?

A

Same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest

42
Q

How many significant figures in result of multiplication and division?

A

Same significant figures as the measurement with the fewest

43
Q

What is Dimensional Analysis?

A

A method used to convert one unit to another through multiplication or division (tracks)

44
Q

What is a Conversion Factor?

A

A fraction whose numerator and denominator are the same quantity expressed in different units
(used in dimensional analysis)

45
Q

Kilo

A

1000

46
Q

Centi

A

0.01

47
Q

Milli

A

0.001

48
Q

Nano

A

10^-9

49
Q

What temperature does water freeze on the celsius scale?

A

0

50
Q

What temperature in celsius is normal body temperature?

A

37

51
Q

What temperature in celsius does water boil?

A

100

52
Q

At what temperature in fahrenheit does water boil?

A

212

53
Q

At what temperature in fahrenheit is the normal body temp?

A

98.6

54
Q

At what temperature in fahrenheit does water freeze?

A

32

55
Q

At what temperature in Kelvin does water boil?

A

373

56
Q

At what temperature in Kelvin is normal body temperature?

A

310

57
Q

At what temperature in Kelvin does water freeze?

A

273

Chemistry 121 (9 decks)

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