Chapter Six: Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
Skeletal system includes:
A
Bones of the skeleton, cartilages, ligaments and connective tissues
2
Q
Five primary functions of the skeletal system
A
- Support
- Storage of minerals and lipids
- Blood cell production
- Protection
- Leverage
3
Q
Bones are classified by:
A
Shape, internal tissue organization and bone markings
4
Q
How many bones are in the human body?
A
206
5
Q
small, flat, irregularly shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull
A
sutural bones
6
Q
bones that have complex shapes with short, flat, notched or rigid surfaces ex: spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones, several skull bones
A
irregular bones
7
Q
small and boxy bones ex: carpal bones and tarsal bones
A
short bones
8
Q
Bones with thin, parallel surfaces. These form the roof of the skull, sternum, ribs and scapulae
A
Flat bones
9
Q
Bones that are long and slender
A
Long bones
10
Q
bones that are small, flat and shaped like a sesame seed. Located around joint areas
A
Sesamoid bones
11
Q
Published Tabulae sceleti et musculorum corporis humani
A
Bernhard Siegfried Albinus
12
Q
Areas where there are depressions/grooves, elevations/projections and tunnels
A
Bone markings
13
Q
Any projection or bump
A
process
14
Q
an extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure
A
ramus
15
Q
a large, rough projection
A
trochanter
16
Q
a smaller, rough projection
A
tuberosity
17
Q
a small, rounded projection
A
tubercle
18
Q
a prominent ridge
A
crest
19
Q
a low ridge
A
line
20
Q
a pointed or narrow process
A
spine
21
Q
the expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a neck
A
head
22
Q
a narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis
A
neck
23
Q
a smooth, rounded articular process
A
condyle
24
Q
a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
A
trochlea
25
a small, flat articular surface
facet
26
a shallow depression
fossa
27
a narrow groove
sulcus
28
a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves
foramen
29
a duct or channel
canal
30
a passageway through a bone
meatus
31
an elongated cleft or slit
fissure
32
a chamber within a bone, normally filled with air
sinus
33
a long bone with an extended shaft that contains compact bone and medullary cavity
Diaphysis
34
a heavy wall of dense bone that is located inside the diaphysis
compact bone
35
compact bone forms a sturdy protective layer surrounds the central cavity of the diaphysis
medullary cavity
36
the wide part of a long bone that is located at each end. This area articulates with other bones and contains mostly spongy bone and is covered with compact bone
Epiphysis
37
open network of struts and plates that resemble latticework with a thin covering of compact bone
spongy bone
38
the covering of compact bone
cortex
39
the area where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
metaphysis
40
Resembles a sandwich of spongy bone that lies between two layers of compact bone
dipole
41
Bone [Osseous] tissue characteristics
1. Dense, supportive connective tissue
2. Contains specialized cells
3. Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits
4. Around collagen fibers
42
crystals that form when calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide that are located in the bone matrix
hydroxyapatite
43
Four types of bone cells:
1. Osteocytes
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteoprogenitor cells
4. Osteoclasts
44
mature bone cells that make up most of the cell population in the bone matrix
osteocytes
45
a pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix that are located in an osteiocytes
lacunae
46
the thin layers in an osteocytes
lamellae
47
area that penetrates the lacunae and radiates through the matrix and connect lacunae with one another. This forms pathways for blood vessels and exchange nutrients and wastes
canaliculi
48
Two major functions of osteocytes
1. maintain protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix area
2. participate in repair damaged bone
49
covers the outer surfaces of bones and consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers
Periosteum
50
produce new bone matrix
osteoblasts
51
process in which immature bone cells secrete matrix compounds
osteogenesis [ossification]
52
matrix produced by osteoblasts but not yet calcified to form bone
osteoid
53
Osteoblasts surrounded by bone become __________
osteocytes
54
mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts located in the endosteum
osteoprogenitor cells
55
inner cellular layer of periosteum
endosteum
56
giant, multinucleated cells that remove and recycle bone matrix
osteoclasts
57
dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals
osteolysis
58
Bone building _______ and bone recycling ______ must balance
Osteoblasts; osteoclast
59
the basic functional unit of mature compact bone
osteon
60
osteocytes are arranged in ______ around a _________
concentric layers[lamaelle]; central canal
61
a canal that contains one or more blood vessels that carry blood to and from the osteon
central canal
62
passages that extend perpendicular to the surface that have blood vessels that supply blood to the osteons deeper in the bone and tissues of the medullary cavity
perforating canals
63
Spongy bone does not contain
osteons
64
meshwork of supporting bundles of fibers that don not contain blood vessels
trabeculae
65
fills the trabeculae, has blood vessels, produces red blood cells, and supplies nutrients to osteocytes
red bone marrow
66
marrow that contains fat
yellow bone marrow
67
a membrane made of a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer that covers bones
periosteum
68
collagen fibers that connect to the collagen fibers of bone and with fibers of joint capsules attaching ligaments and tendons
perforating fibers
69
an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair
endosteum
69
an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair
endosteum
69
an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair
endosteum
69
an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair
endosteum
69
an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair
endosteum
70
bone formation
osteogenesis
70
bone formation
osteogenesis
70
bone formation
osteogenesis
70
bone formation
osteogenesis
70
bone formation
osteogenesis
71
replacing other tissues with bone
ossification
71
replacing other tissues with bone
ossification
71
replacing other tissues with bone
ossification
71
replacing other tissues with bone
ossification
71
replacing other tissues with bone
ossification
72
deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues
calcification
72
deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues
calcification
72
deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues
calcification
72
deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues
calcification
72
deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues
calcification
73
Two forms of ossification
1. Endochondral ossification
| 2. Intramembranous ossification
73
Two forms of ossification
1. Endochondral ossification
| 2. Intramembranous ossification
73
Two forms of ossification
1. Endochondral ossification
| 2. Intramembranous ossification
73
Two forms of ossification
1. Endochondral ossification
| 2. Intramembranous ossification
73
Two forms of ossification
1. Endochondral ossification
| 2. Intramembranous ossification
74
ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages
endochondral ossification
74
ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages
endochondral ossification
74
ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages
endochondral ossification
74
ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages
endochondral ossification
74
ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages
endochondral ossification
75
cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth
epiphyseal line
75
cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth
epiphyseal line
75
cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth
epiphyseal line
75
cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth
epiphyseal line
75
cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth
epiphyseal line
76
ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle
intramembranous ossification
76
ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle
intramembranous ossification
76
ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle
intramembranous ossification
76
ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle
intramembranous ossification
76
ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle
intramembranous ossification
77
an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair
endosteum
77
an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair
endosteum
78
bone formation
osteogenesis
78
bone formation
osteogenesis
79
replacing other tissues with bone
ossification
79
replacing other tissues with bone
ossification
80
deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues
calcification
80
deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues
calcification
81
Two forms of ossification
1. Endochondral ossification
| 2. Intramembranous ossification
81
Two forms of ossification
1. Endochondral ossification
| 2. Intramembranous ossification
82
ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages
endochondral ossification
82
ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages
endochondral ossification
83
cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth
epiphyseal line
83
cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth
epiphyseal line
84
ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle
intramembranous ossification
124
ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle
intramembranous ossification
125
percent of calcium in bone
39%
126
percent of potassium in bone
0.2%
127
percent of sodium in bone
0.7%
128
percent of magnesium in bone
0.5%
129
percent of carbonate in bone
9.6%
130
percent of phosphate in bone
17%
131
percent of organic compounds in bone
33%
132
bone contains _____ of the body's calcium
99%
133
bone contains _____ of the body's potassium
4%
134
bone contains _____ of the body's sodium
35%
135
bone contains _____ of the body's magnesium
50%
136
bone contains _____ of the body's carbonate
80%
137
bone contains _____ of the body's phosphate
99%
138
calcium is stored in the
bones
139
calcium is absorbed in the
digestive tract
140
calcium is excreted in the
kidneys
141
increases calcium ion levels by stimulating osteocytes, increasing intestinal absorption of calcium and decreasing calcium excretion at kidneys
parathyroid hormone [PTH]
142
decreases calcium ion levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and increasing calcium excretion at kidneys
calcitonin
143
cracks or breaks in bones that are caused by physical stress
fractures
144
a break on the bone shaft across its long axis
transverse fracture
145
bone fracture that produces new and abnormal bone arrangements
displaced fracture
146
fracture that occurs due to compression
compression fracture
147
fracture that occurs due to twisting along the length of the bone
spiral fracture
148
fracture that occurs where the bone matrix is going through calcification and chondracytes are dying
epiphyseal fracture
149
fracture where the bone shatters in to tiny bone pieces
comminuated fracture
150
fracture that only occurs at one side of the bone and the other is bent
greenstick fracture
151
break in the distal portion of the radius due to using the arm as a cushion for a fall
colles fracture
152
fracture that occurs in the ankle and affects both bones in the leg
pott's fracture
153
reduction in bone mass
osteopenia
154
severe in bone loss that affects in normal funtion
osteoporosis
