Chapter Three: Cell Level Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
All living organisms are composed of….
A
one or more cells
2
Q
Eukaryotic Cells:
- Compartmentalized:______
- Cytoskeleton: _______
A
Yes
Yes
3
Q
Prokaryotic cells:
- Compartmentalized: _____
- Cytoskeleton: ______
A
No
No
4
Q
sex cell [germ cells]
A
- reproductive cells
- male sperm
- female oocyte
5
Q
somatic cells
A
all body cells except sex cells
6
Q
membrane extensions containing microfilaments
Function: increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extra-cellular materials
A
microvilli
7
Q
long extensions containing microtubule doublets in a 9+2 array
Function: movement of material over cell surfaces
A
cilia
8
Q
contains two centrioles at right angles; each is composed of 9 microtubule triplets at a 9+0 array
Function: essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton
A
Centrosome
9
Q
proteins organized in fine filaments of slender tubes
Function: strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials
A
cytoskeleton
10
Q
lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates
Function: isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, controls entry and exit of materials
A
plasma membrane
11
Q
hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends
Function: breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins
A
proteasomes
12
Q
RNA+proteins; fixed are bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum; free are scattered in cytoplasm
Function: protein synthesis
A
ribosomes
13
Q
stacks of flattened membrane containing chambers
Function: storage, alteration and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes
A
golgi apparatus
14
Q
double membrane, with inner membrane folds enclosing important metabolic enzymes
Function: produce 90% of the ATP required for the cell
A
mitochondria
15
Q
network of membranous channels extending throughout the cytoplasm
Function: synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport
A
endoplasmic reticulum [ER]
16
Q
vesicles containing degradative enzymes
Function: catabolism of fats and other organic compounds neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process
A
peroxisome
17
Q
vesicles containing digestive enzymes
Function: intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens
A
lysosomes
18
Q
nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins and chromatin; surrounded by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope
Function: control of metabolism, storage and processing of genetic information, control of protein synthesis
A
nucleus
19
Q
watery material that surrounds a cell
A
extracellular fluid [interstitial fluid]
20
Q
separates cytoplasm form the extracellular fluid
A
plasma membrane [cell membrane]
21
Q
Functions of plasma membrane
A
- physical isolation
- regulation of exchange with the environment
- sensitivity to the environment
- structural support
22
Q
barrier to ions and water-soluble compounds
A
phospholipid bilayer
23
Q
prefer watery environment
A
hydrophilic heads
24
Q
avoid watery environment
A
hydrophobic tails
25
proteins within the membrane
integral proteins
26
proteins bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane
peripheral proteins
27
proteins attached to the inside or outside structures
anchoring proteins [stabilizers]
28
proteins that label cells as normal or abnormal
recognition proteins [identifiers]
29
catalyze reactions
enzymes
30
proteins that bind and respond to ligands
receptor proteins
31
ions, hormones
ligands
32
proteins that transport specific solutes through membrane
carrier proteins
33
regulate water flow and solutes through membrane
channels
34
membrane carbohydraes
proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
35
surface covered with ribosomes
active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis and fold polypeptide protein structures
Rough endoplasmic reticulum [RER]
36
Functions of Golgi apparatus
1. modifies and packages secretions
- hormones or enzymes
- released through exocytosis
2. renews or modifies the plasma membrane
3. packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in cytoplasm
37
powerful enzyme containing vesicles that dissolve items
lysosomes
38
formed by golgi apparatus and inactive enzymes
clean up internal compartment of cells and autolysis
primary lysosome
39
lysosome fused with damaged organelle
digestive enzymes activated
toxic chemicals isolated
secondary lysosome
40
self destruction of damaged cells
autolysis
41
lysosomes clean up what inside the cells
1. break down large molecules
2. attack bacteria
3. recycle damaged organelles
4. eject wastes by exocytosis
42
process of autolysis
1. lysosome membrane breaks down
2. digestive enzymes released
3. cell decomposes
4. cellular materials recycle
43
enzyme containing vesicles that breakdown fatty acids and other organic compounds. Produce hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] and replicate by division
peroxisomes
44
numerous folds in the mitochondria
cristae
45
fluid surrounding cristae
matrix
46
takes chemical energy from food [glucose] and produces energy molecule [ATP]
mitochondria
47
only other organelle [not nucleus] that carries its own genetic material
mitochondria
48
glucose to pyruvic acid
glycolysis
49
pyruvic acid to CO2
citric acid cycle
50
adds electrons to organic products
electron transport chain
51
use oxygen to breakdown food and produce ATP
aerobic metabolism [cellular respiration]
52
glucose+oxygen+ATP yields
carbon dioxide+water+ATP
53
cellular respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm
glycolysis
54
largest organelle and is the cell's control center
nucleus
55
double membrane around the nucleus
nuclear envelope
56
area between the two layers of the nuclear envelope
perinuclear space
57
located on the nucleus that allows for communication passages
nuclear pores
58
all information to build and run organisms
DNA
59
fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, and some RNA
nucleoplasm
60
support filaments
nuclear matrix
61
related to protein production and are made up of RNA, enzymes and histones. Synthesize rRNA and ribosomal subunits
nucleoli
62
DNA coiled around histones
nucleosomes
63
loosely coiled DNA [cells not dividing]
chromatin
64
tightly coiled DNA [cells dividing]
chromosomes
65
instructions for every protein in the body
DNA
66
DNA instructions for one protein
gene
67
the chemical language of DNA instructions
genetic code
68
3 bases=1 amino acid
triplet code
69
role of gene activation in protein synthesis
1. nucleus contains chromosomes
2. chromosomes contain DNA
3. DNA stores genetic instructions for proteins
4. proteins determine cell structure and function
70
uncoiling DNA to use it
gene activation
71
copies instructions from DNA to mRNA [in nucleus]
transcription
72
RNA polymerase produces...
messenger RNA [mRNA]
73
ribosome reads code from mRNA [in cytoplasm] and assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain
translation
74
a gene is transcribed to mRNA in 3 steps
1. gene activation
2. DNA to mRNA
3. RNA processing
75
codes for protein
coding strand
76
used by RNA polymerase molecule
template strand
77
the "sugar coat" formed by the membrane carbohydrates
glycocalyx
78
functions of the glycocalyx
1. lubrication and protection
2. anchoring and locomotion
3. specificity in binding [receptors]
4. recognition [immune response]
79
all materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus
cytoplasm
80
intracellular fluid
cytosol
81
cytosol has...
1. dissolved materials
2. high potassium/low sodium
3. high protein
4. high carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat
82
structures with specific functions
organelles
83
have no membrane and are in direct contact with cytosol
nonmembranous organelles
84
Does or does not contain membrane: cytoskeleton
No membrane
85
Does or does not contain membrane: microvilli
No membrane
86
Does or does not contain membrane: centrioles
No membrane
87
Does or does not contain membrane: cilia
No membrane
88
Does or does not contain membrane: ribosomes
No membrane
89
Does or does not contain membrane: proteasomes
No membrane
90
covered with plasma membrane and are isolated from cytosol
membranous organelles
91
Does or does not contain membrane: Endoplasmic reticulum
Contains membrane
92
Does or does not contain membrane: golgi apparatus
contains membrane
93
Does or does not contain membrane: lysosomes
contains membrane
94
Does or does not contain membrane: peroxisomes
contains membrane
95
Does or does not contain membrane: mitochondria
Contains membrane
96
structural proteins for shape and strength
cytoskeleton
97
cytoskeleton contains...
1. microfilaments
2. intermediate filaments
3. microtubules
98
thin filaments composed of the protein actin
microfilaments
99
mid-sized between microfilaments and thick filaments
intermediate filaments
100
durable intermediate filament
collagen
101
large, hollow tubes of tubulin protein
microtubules
102
myosin protein in muscle cells
thick filaments
103
increase surface area for absorption and is attached to the cytoskeleton
microvilli
104
form spindle apparatus during cell division and centrosome cytoplasm surrounds it
centrioles
105
small hair like extensions which move fluids across the cell surface
cilia
106
build polypeptides in protein synthesis
ribosomes
107
ribosomes that are found in the cytoplasm and manufacture proteins for the cell
free ribosomes
108
ribosomes that are attached to the ER and manufacture proteins for secretion
fixed ribosomes
109
contain enzymes and disassemble damaged proteins for recycling
proteasomes
110
endo-
within
111
plasm-
cytoplasm
112
reticulum-
network
113
storage chambers within membranes
cisternae
114
functions of cisternae
1. synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
2. storage of synthesized molecules and materials
3. transport of materials within the ER
4. detoxification of drugs or toxins
115
have no ribosomes attached and synthesis lipids and carbohydrates
smooth endoplasmic reticulum [SER]
116
phospholipids and cholesterol
membranes
117
steroid hormones
reproductive system
118
glycerides
storage in liver and fat cells
119
glycogen
stored in muscles
120
endoplasmic reticulum encloses products in ....
transport vesicles
121
vesicles enter forming face and exit maturing face
modifies and packages enzymes
golgi apparatus
122
determines what moves in and out if a cell
permeability
123
membrane that lets nothing in or out
impermeable
124
membrane that lets anything pass in and out
permeable
125
membrane that only lets some things pass in and out
selectively permeable
126
transport through a plasma membrane that requires energy and ATP
active transport
127
transport through a plasma membrane that does not require energy
passive transport
128
diffusion is passive or active?
passive
129
carrier mediated trasport is passive or active
either one
130
vesicular transport is passive or active
active
131
the process in which the solute move from high to low concentrations
diffusion
132
factors that influence diffusion
1. distance the particle has to move
2. molecule size
3. temperature
3. concentration gradient
4. electrical forces
133
materials that diffuse through plasma membrane that are lipid-soluble compounds (alcohols, fatty acids and steroids) and dissolved gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
simple diffusion
134
water-soluble compounds (hydrophilic) and ions that factor in size, charge and interaction with channel
channel-mediated diffusion
135
the diffusion of water across the cell membrane
osmosis
136
more solute molecules=
lower concentration of water
137
osmosis is ______ permeable to water and ______ permeable to solutes
freely; selectively
138
the concentration of a solute in a solution
tonicity
139
solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell
isotonic
140
has less solutes and loses water through osmosis
hypotonic
141
has more solutes and gains water by osmosis
hypertonic
142
a cell in hypotonic solution....
gains water and ruptures
143
a cell in hypertonic solution...
looses water and shrinks
144
two substances move in the same direction at the same time
cotransport
145
one substance moves in while another moves out
countertransport
146
active transport that is carrier mediated that carries sodium ions out and potassium ions in
sodium-potassium exchange pump
147
___ ATP molecules pump Na+ _____ ATP molecules pump K+
3;2
148
Na+ concentration gradient drives glucose transport and ATP energy pumps Na+ back out
secondary active transport
149
charges are separated creating
potential difference
150
unequal charge across the plasma membrane
transmembrane potential
151
ranges from -10mV to -100mV depending on the cell type
resting potential
152
enzyme that transcribes DNA
RNA polymerase
153
the process where the code is edited
RNA processing
154
unnecessary codes
introns
155
codes that code for a gene
exons
156
triplet of three nucleotides that represent one amino acid
codon
157
move ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)
ion pumps
158
countertransports two ions at the same time
exchange pump
159
most of a cell's life is spent in a nondividing state
interphase
160
duplicates genetic material exactly
DNA replication
161
divides genetic material equally
mitosis
162
cytokinesis divides cytoplasm and organelles into two
daughter cells
163
unwind the DNA strands
helicases
164
promotes bonding between the nitrogenous bases of the DNA strand and complementary DNA nucleotides dissolved in the nucleoplasm. Also, links the nucleotides by covalent bonds
DNA polymerase
165
piece together sections of DNA
ligases
166
specialized cell functions only
G0 phase
167
cell growth, organelle duplication, protein synthesis
G1 phase
168
DNA replication and histone synthesis
S phase
169
finishes protein synthesis and centriole replication
G2 phase
170
divides duplicated DNA into two sets of chromosomes
mitosis
171
DNA coils tightly into....
chomatids
172
chromatids connect at...
centromere
173
protein complex around centromere is....
kinetochore
174
Prophase
1. nucleoli dissapear
2. centriole pairs move to cell poles
3. microtubules (spindle fibers) extend between centriole pairs
4. nuclear envelope disappears
5. spindle fibers attach to kinetochore
175
Metaphase
chromosomes align in a central plane [metaphase plate]
176
Anaphase
microtubules pull chromosomes apart and daughter chromosomes group near centrioles
177
Telophase
1. nuclear membranes re-form
2. chromosomes uncoil
3. nucleoli reappear
4. cell has two complete nuclei
178
cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm producing daughter cells
179
cell division balances
cell loss
180
internal factors [M-phase promoting factor, MPF] and extracellular chemical factors [growth factors]
increase cell division
181
repressor genes and worn out telomeres
decrease cell division
182
Cancer development steps
1. abnormal cell
2. primary tumor
3. metastasis
4. secondary tumor
183
an abnormal cell that grows and divides out of control will give rise to
tumor [neoplasm]
184
tumor that does not become invasive
benign
185
neoplastic cells invade surrounding tissue and is essential to cancer cells
cancer-invasiveness
186
invasiveness allows the cancer cells to break loose and enter blood or lymphatic vessels forming
secondary tumors [metastases]
187
cells specialize in the genes that are active and the ones that are inactive
differentiation
