Chapter Two: Chemistry Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Produce more energy than they use
release energy
A
Exergonic [exothermic] reactions
1
Q
Essential molecules obtained from food
A
Nutrients
2
Q
Use more energy than they produce
absorb energy
A
Endergonic [endothermic] reactions
3
Q
Molecules made or broken down in the body
A
Metabolites
4
Q
Molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen
A
Inorganic compounds
5
Q
Molecules based on carbon and hydrogen
A
Organic compounds
6
Q
Inorganic compounds:
A
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water and inorganic acids, bases, and salts
7
Q
Organic compounds:
A
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
8
Q
Accounts for 2/3 of your total body weight
A
Water
9
Q
A uniform mixture if two of more substances
A
Solution
10
Q
The medium where atoms, ions or molecules are individually dispersed
A
Solvent
12
Q
dispersed substances
A
Solute
13
Q
A solutions ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution
A
Solubility
14
Q
the most abundant and functionally important organic molecules
A
proteins
15
Q
proteins contain which basic elements?
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
16
Q
basic building blocks of proteins
A
20 amino acids
17
Q
seven major protein functions
A
- support
- movement
- transport
- buffering
- metabolic regulation
- coordination and control
- defense
18
Q
protein structure is made of
A
long chains of amino acids
19
Q
five components of amino acid structure
A
- central carbon atom
- hydrogen atom
- amino group [-NH3]
- carboxyl group [-COOH]
- variable side chain or r group
20
Q
R group determines
A
the reactivity and chemical structure of the protein
21
Q
basic building blocks of proteins
A
20 amino acids
22
Q
seven major protein functions
A
- support
- movement
- transport
- buffering
- metabolic regulation
- coordination and control
- defense
23
Q
protein structure is made of
A
long chains of amino acids
24
Q
five components of amino acid structure
A
- central carbon atom
- hydrogen atom
- amino group [-NH3]
- carboxyl group [-COOH]
- variable side chain or r group
25
R group determines
the reactivity and chemical structure of the protein
26
primary structure of a protein
the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide
27
pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine and uracil
28
tertiary structure of a protein
secondary structure folds into a unique shape
29
quaternary structure of a protein
final protein shape. some are tertiary structures linked together like hemoglobin
30
the chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule due to the release of a molecule of water
peptide bond
31
chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
peptide
32
mis-folding proteins that cause disease
1. Tau protein in Alhimerz's Disease
| 2. Prion in CJD/Mad Cow Disease
33
structural sheets or strands commonly found in fibers structures in the body
fibrous proteins
34
soluble spheres with active functions and the protein function is based on shape ex: transport protein
globular proteins
35
the shape of a protein is based on
the sequence of amino acids
36
enzymes are
catalysts
37
lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction and do not change or are used up in a reaction
catalysts
38
an ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind
cofactor
39
nonprotein organic cofactors [vitamins]
coenzyme
40
two enzymes that can catalyze the same reaction
isozymes
41
loss of shape and function due to heat or pH
denaturation
42
large protein + small carbohydrate that includes enzymes, antibodies, hormones and mucus production
glycoproteins
43
large polysaccharides + polypeptides that promote viscosity
proteoglycans
44
are large organic molecules, found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular level
nucleic acids
45
functions of deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA]
1. determines inherited characteristics
2. directs protein synthesis
3. controls enzyme production
4. controls metabolism
46
function of ribonucleic acid [RNA]
controls intermediate steps in the protein synthesis
47
the building blocks of DNA and RNA
Nucleotides
48
molecular parts of nucleotides
1. pentose sugar [deoxyribose or ribose]
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogenous base [A, G, T, C, U]
49
purines
adenine and guanine
50
pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine and uracil
51
adding a phosphate group to ADP with a high energy bond to form the high energy compound ATP
phosphorylation
52
enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to ADP
adenosine triphosphatase [ATPase]
53
proteins contain which basic elements?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
54
the most abundant and functionally important organic molecules
proteins
54
proteins contain which basic elements?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
54
basic building blocks of proteins
20 amino acids
54
seven major protein functions
1. support
2. movement
3. transport
4. buffering
5. metabolic regulation
6. coordination and control
7. defense
54
protein structure is made of
long chains of amino acids
54
five components of amino acid structure
1. central carbon atom
2. hydrogen atom
3. amino group [-NH3]
4. carboxyl group [-COOH]
5. variable side chain or r group
54
R group determines
the reactivity and chemical structure of the protein
54
primary structure of a protein
the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide
54
secondary structure of a protein
hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats
54
tertiary structure of a protein
secondary structure folds into a unique shape
54
quaternary structure of a protein
final protein shape. some are tertiary structures linked together like hemoglobin
54
proteins contain which basic elements?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
54
basic building blocks of proteins
20 amino acids
54
seven major protein functions
1. support
2. movement
3. transport
4. buffering
5. metabolic regulation
6. coordination and control
7. defense
54
protein structure is made of
long chains of amino acids
54
large polysaccharides + polypeptides that promote viscosity
proteoglycans
54
R group determines
the reactivity and chemical structure of the protein
54
primary structure of a protein
the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide
54
secondary structure of a protein
hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats
54
tertiary structure of a protein
secondary structure folds into a unique shape
54
quaternary structure of a protein
final protein shape. some are tertiary structures linked together like hemoglobin
73
lets your body grow, change, and adapt to new conditions and activites
metabolic turnover
74
the science of change in the structure of matter
chemistry
75
anything that takes up space and has mass and made of atoms
matter
76
positive charge; 1 mass unit
proton
77
neutral charge; 1 mass
neutrons
78
negative charge; low mass
electron
79
number of protons in an atom
atomic number
80
contains protons and neutrons
nucleus
81
contains electrons
electron cloud
82
a pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind
elements
83
what are the most basic chemicals?
elements
84
Human body has _____ main elements and ____ trace elements
13
| 14
85
atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
isotopes
86
number of protons + number of neutrons
mass number
87
unstable and spontaneously break down and emit radiation
radioisotopes
88
mass of an atom measured in moles
atomic weight
89
electrons in the electron cloud determine the _______ of an atom
reactivity
90
outermost shell that determines bonding properties
valence shell
91
potential unification of 4 fundamental forces known as the "grand unified theory"
a single, elegant equation that will explain everything in the universe
higgs boson-the god particle
92
interactions between atoms that form molecules and/or compounds
chemical bonds
93
two or more atoms joined by strong bonds
molecules
94
two or more atoms of different elements joined by strong or weak bonds
compounds
95
form between ions created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations
ionic bonds
96
loses one or more electrons and becomes a cation
electron donor
97
positive charged ion
cation
98
gains those same electrons and becomes an anion
electron acceptor
99
negative charged ion
anion
100
sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms
covalent bonds
101
sharing of one electron
single covalent bond
102
sharing of two electrons
double covalent bond
103
sharing of three electrons
triple covalent bond
104
involve the equal sharing of electrons because atoms involved in the bond have equal pull for the electrons
non polar covalent bond
105
involve the unequal sharing of electrons because one of the atoms involved in the bond has a disproportionately strong pull on the electron
polar covalent bond
106
attraction between hydrogen of a polar covalent bond and oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine
hydrogen bond
107
constant volume and shape
solids
108
constant volume but no fixed shape
liquids
109
neither constant volume nor shape
gas
110
new chemical bonds form between atoms, or existing bonds between atoms are broken
chemical reaction
111
materials going into a reaction
reactants
112
materials coming out of a reaction
products
113
all of the reactions in a cell that are occurring at the same time
metabolism
114
movement of an object or a change in the physical structure of matter
work
115
capacity to do work
energy
116
energy of motion
kinetic energy
117
stored energy
potential energy
118
potential energy stored in chemical bonds
chemical energy
119
reaction that breaks down a molecule into smaller fragments ex: hydrolysis
decomposition reaction [catabolism]
120
forms large molecules from smaller molecules ex: dehydration synthesis
synthesis reaction [anabolism]
121
reactants breakdown and then interact with each other to form products
decomposition + synthesis
exchange reaction
122
seek equilibrium---balancing opposing reaction rates
reversible reaction
123
amount of energy needed to get a reaction started
activation energy
124
four major properties of water:
1. solubility
2. reactivity
3. high heat capacity
4. lubrication
125
Properties of aqueous solutions:
1. water is solvent
2. water molecule is polar
3. ions and polar compounds undergo ionization or dissociation in water
4. result in hydration sphere
126
mixture of cations and anions surrounded by water molecules to keep them in solution
hydration sphere
127
inorganic ions that conduct electricity
electrolytes
128
water loving molecules
hydrophilic
129
water hating molecules
hydrophobic
130
solution of very large organic molecules
colloids
131
solution that also contains large organic molecules that if undisturbed will settle due to gravity
suspension
132
amount of solute in a solvent [mol/L; mg/mL]
concentration
133
the percentage of whole blood occupied by cellular elements
hematocrit [H]
134
concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in a solution
pH
135
any solute that dissociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions
proton donor
acid
136
any solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution
proton acceptor
bases
137
ionic compound containing any cation except a hydrogen ion and any anion except a hydroxide ion
salts
138
compounds that stabilized the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions
buffers
139
basic compounds that neutralize acid and form a salt
antacids
140
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
carbohydrates
141
simple sugar
monosaccharide
142
two sugars
disaccharide
143
many sugars
polysaccharide
144
mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes
lipids
145
long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group at one end
fatty acids
146
fatty acids with only covalent hydrogen bonds
saturated
147
fatty acids with 1 or more double bonds
unsaturated
148
fatty acid with 1 double bond
monounsaturated
149
fatty acid with 2 double bonds
polyunsaturated
150
derived from arachidonic acid
eicosanoids
151
a type of eicosanoid involved with coordinating responses in immune system
leukotrienes
152
short chain of fatty acids that are called local hormones that coordinate local cellular activity
prostaglandins
153
fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
glycerides
154
component of plasma cell membranes
cholesterol
155
sex hormones
estrogens and testosterone
156
metabolic regulation
corticosteroids
157
derived from steroids
bile salts
158
attached to a phosphate group
phospholipids
159
attached to a sugar group
glycolipids
