Chapter Three: The Senses Flashcards
(267 cards)
1
Q
What are the orbital cavities of the eye
A
-the roof
-the lateral wall
-the floor
-the medial wall
2
Q
The roof of the orbit
A
-orbital plate of frontal bone
-lesser wing of sphenoid bone
3
Q
The lateral wall of the orbit
A
-frontal process of zygomatic bone
-zygomatic process of frontal bone
-greater wing of sphenoid
4
Q
The floor of the orbit
A
-maxilla
-palatine bone
-orbital plate of zygomatic bone
5
Q
The medial wall of the orbit
A
-maxilla
-lacrimal bone
-ethmoid bone
-lesser wing of sphenoid
6
Q
Supraorbital margin
A
-part of the frontal bone
-forms upper boundary of anterior base of orbit
7
Q
Supraorbital foramen
A
-at junction of lateral 2/3 and medial 1/3 of the supraorbital margin
-where supraorbital nerve and vessels emerge
8
Q
Infraorbital margin
A
-lower border of the base of the orbit
-formed by margin of maxilla and zygomatic bone
9
Q
Infraorbital groove
A
-floor of the orbit
10
Q
Infraorbital foramen
A
-lies below the orbital margin
11
Q
Which nerve runs through infraorbital foramen
A
-infraorbital nerve
-which is a branch of the maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
12
Q
Optic foramen
A
-opens at the nasal side of orbit
13
Q
Which nerve and artery runs through the optic foramen
A
-optic nerve
-opthalamic artery
14
Q
Superior orbital fissure
A
-lies between greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone
15
Q
Structures passing through superior orbital fissure
A
-oculomotor nerve
-trochlear nerve
-branches of ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
-abducens nerve
-sympathetic roots of ciliary ganglion
16
Q
Inferior orbital fissure
A
-lies on the floor of the orbit
-seperates greater wing of sphenoid from orbital surfaces of palatine, maxilla, and zygomatic bones
17
Q
What nerve passes through inferior orbital fissure
A
-infraorbital nerve and vessels
18
Q
Nasolacrimal fossa
A
-anterior end of medial orbital wall
19
Q
What structures are in the nasolacrimal fossa
A
-lacrimal sac
20
Q
3 layers of the eyeball
A
-fibrous layer
-vascular layer
-retina (inner layer)
21
Q
Outer layer of the eyeball
A
-fibrous
22
Q
Parts of the fibrous layer
A
-sclera
-cornea
23
Q
Sclera
A
-white opaque connective tissue
-gives shape to the eyeball
-protects internal parts
-attachment site for eye muscles
24
Q
Cornea
A
-transparent fibrous layer
-superficial to iris and allows light to enter interior of the eye
25
Scleral venous sinus
-at junction of cornea and sclera
-aids in drainage of aqueous fluid
26
Middle layer of the eyeball
-vascular layer (uvea)
27
Parts of the vascular layer (uvea)
-choroid
-ciliary body
-iris
28
Choroid
-posterior, dark brown, vascular portion
-absorbs stray light rays
29
Parts of the ciliary body
-ciliary processes
-ciliary muscles
30
Ciliary processes
-folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body which secrete aqueous humor
31
Ciliary muscles
-smooth muscle tissue which encircles the lens
-contracts and relaxes to alter shape of the lens in order to adapt the lens for near or far vision
32
Iris
-coloured portion of the eyeball
-located between cornea and lens
-surround the pupil
33
2 muscle layers of the iris
-sphincter pupillae muscle
-dilator pupillae muscles
34
Inner layer of the eyeball
-retina
35
Optic disc
-site of exit of the optic nerve
-blind spot
36
2 major portions of the retina
-outer pigmented layer
-inner neural layer
37
Outer pigmented layer of retina function
-contains melanin which helps absorb stray lights rays
38
Inner neural sensory layer of retina function
-contains photoreceptors
39
3 layers of the inner neural layer of retina
-photoreceptor cell layer (contains rods and cones)
-bipolar cell layer
-ganglion cell layer
40
Macula
-exact center of retina
-contains small depression called fovea centralis
41
Lens of the eyeball
-clear transparent disc structure located posterior to the iris and pupil
42
What changes the shape of the lens
-ciliary muscles
43
2 cavities of the inferior of the eyeball
-anterior segment
-posterior segment
44
Anterior segment of inferior of eyeball location
-located between cornea and lens
45
Posterior segment of inferior of eyeball location
-located between lens and retina
46
Anterior segment of inferior of eyeball structures
-anterior chamber
-posterior chamber (watery aqueous humor)
47
Posterior segment of inferior of eyeball structure
-jellylike vitreous body
-contributes intraocular pressure
48
How is aqueous humor produced and drained
-by ciliary processes
-drained into scleral venous sinuses
49
Hyaloid canal
-narrow channel that travels through vitreous body from the optic disc to the posterior aspect of the lens
50
Superior rectus action
-moves eyeballs superiorly and medially
51
Superior rectus innervation
-oculomotor nerve
52
Inferior rectus action
-moves eyeballs inferiorly and medially
53
Inferior rectus innervation
-oculomotor nerve
54
Lateral rectus action
-moves eyeballs laterally
55
Lateral rectus innervation
-abducens nerve
56
Medial rectus action
-moves eyeballs medially
57
Medial rectus innervation
-oculomotor nerve
58
Superior oblique action
-moves eyeballs inferiorly and laterally
59
Superior oblique innervation
-trochlear nerve
60
Inferior oblique action
-moves eyeballs superiorly and laterally
61
Inferior oblique innervation
-oculomotor nerve
62
Levator palpebrae superioris action
-elevates upper eyelids
63
Levator palpebrae superioris innervation
-oculomotor nerve
64
3 major regions of the ear
-external (outer) ear
-middle ear
-internal (inner) ear
65
Function of the external (outer) ear
-collects sound waves and channels them inward
66
Parts of the external (outer) ear
-auricle (pinna)
-external acoustic meatus
-tympanic membrane
67
Auricle (pinna)
-flap of elastic cartilage covered by skin
68
Parts of the auricle
-helix: rim
-lobule: inferior portion
69
External acoustic meatus
-ear canal
-curved tube that lies in temporal bone
-leads to tympanic membrane
70
Tympanic membrane
-eardrum
-thin wall of dense connective tissue between external acoustic meatus and middle ear
71
Ceruminous glands
-hairs located on external acoustic meatus
-secrete cerumen (earwax)
72
Middle ear
-small, air filled cavity in petrous portion of temporal bone
73
How is middle ear separated from external ear
-tympanic membrane
74
How is middle ear separated from internal ear
-vestibular window and cochlear window
75
3 auditory ossicles of the middle ear
-malleus
-incus
-stapes
76
2 skeletal muscles attached to ossicles
-prevent damage to ear
-tensor tympani muscle
-stapedius muscle
77
Tensor tympani muscle innervation
-mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
78
Stapedius muscle innervation
-innervated by facial nerve
79
Auditory tube
-opening of the anterior wall of tympanic cavity
-travels to the nasopharynx
80
Auditory tube function
-equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
81
Internal ear (labyrinth) divisions
-outer bony labyrinth
-inner membranous labyrinth
82
3 areas of the bony labyrinth
-semicircular canals
-vestibule
-cochlea
83
Membranous labyrinth
-series of interconnected sacs and tubes inside the bony labyrinth
84
Vestibule parts
-utricle and saccule
85
Parts of the semicircular canals
-anterior
-posterior
-lateral
86
Ampulla
-swelling at one end of each semicircular canal
87
Semicircular ducts function
-communicate with the utricle of the vestibule
88
2 channels of the cochlea
-scala vestibuli
-scala tympani
89
What structure separates the scala vestibuli and scala tympani
-cochlear duct
90
Scala vestibuli
-ends at the vestibular window
91
Scala tympani
-ends at the cochlear window
92
Vestibular membrane
-sepeartes cochlear duct from scala vestibuli
93
Basilar membrane
-separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani
94
Spiral organ (organ of corti)
-coiled sheet of epithelial and supporting cells which contains inner and outer hair cells
95
What are hair cells
-mechanoreceptors that detect auditory stimuli
96
Tectorial membrane
-flexible gelatinous projection over hair cells
97
Which structure forms the lateral walls of the mouth
-cheeks
98
What are the labia of the mouth
-the lips
99
Labial frenulum
-mucous membrane that attaches each lip to the gum
100
Oral cavity
-space that extends from the lips and teeth to the fauces
101
2 components of the oral cavity
-oral vestibule
-oral cavity proper
102
Oral vestibule
-space between external cheeks and lips and the internal gums and teeth
102
Oral vestibule
-space between external cheeks and lips and the internal gums and teeth
103
Oral cavity proper
-space that extends from the gums and teeth to the fauces that connects the oral cavity to the oropharynx
104
2 parts of the palate
-hard palate
-soft palate
105
Hard palate
-forms anterior 2/3 of the roof of the mouth
-consists of palatine processes of maxilla and perpendicular plates of palatine bones
106
Soft palate
-forms posterior portion of the roof of the mouth
-lies between oropharynx and nasopharynx
-contains uvula
107
Palatoglossal arch
-muscular fold that extends to the side of the base of the tongue
108
Palatopharyngeal arch
-muscular fold that extends to the side of the pharynx
109
Palatine tonsils
-located between the palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch
110
Lingual tonsils
-located on the base of the tongue
111
4 minor salivary glands
-labial
-buccal
-palatal
-lingual
112
3 major salivary glands
-parotid
-submandibular
-sublingual
113
Parotid glands location
-in retromandibular fossa
114
Lobes of the parotid gland
-superficial lobe
-deep lobe
115
Innervation of the parotid gland
-sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres
116
Sympathetic parotid innervation function
-vasoconstriction
117
Parasympathetic parotid innervation function
-secretion of saliva
118
Submandibular glands location
-located beneath the base of the tongue
-posterior portion of the submandibular triangle
119
Lobes of the submandibular gland
-superficial lobe
-deep lobe
120
What separates the superficial and deep lobes of the submandibular gland
-mylohyoid muscle
121
Submandibular gland parasympathetic input
-chorda tympani nerve
122
Sublingual glands location
-floor of the mouth superior to submandibular glands and resting on mylohyoid muscle
123
Sublingual glands parasympathetic input
-chorda tympani nerve
124
Major salivary glands blood supply
-branches of the external carotid, facial, or lingual arteries
125
Median septum of the tongue
-divides tongue into symmetrical lateral halves
126
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
-genioglossus
-hyoglossus
-styloglossus
-palatoglossus
127
Genioglossus
-triangular muscle which protrudes and depresses the tongue
128
Hyoglossus
-thin muscle which depressed the tongue
129
Styloglossus
-draws tongue upwards and backwards and divide the tongue into 2 parts
130
Palatoglossus muscle
-elevates the root of tongue and closes off the oropharynx
131
Intrinsic muscles of the tongue function
-within the tongue itself to alter its size and shape to produce fine movements for talking and swallowing
132
Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
-superior longitudinal muscle
-inferior longitudinal muscle
-vertical muscle of the tongue
-transverse muscle of the tongue
133
Superior longitudinal muscle
-makes the tongue concave
-shortens the tongue
134
Inferior longitudinal muscle
-makes the tongue convex
135
Vertical muscle of the tongue
-flattens and widens the tongue
136
Transverse muscle of the tongue
-narrows and elongates the tongue
137
Lingual frenulum
-fold of mucous membrane that attaches the midline of the inferior surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth
138
Lingual papillae
-projections of the lamina propria covered with stratified squamous epithelium that contain taste buds
139
Fungiform papillae
-elevations distributed among filiform papillae
-most contain taste buds
140
Vallate papillae
-arranged in inverted V shape on posterior surface of the tongue
-all contain taste buds
141
Foliate papillae
-on the tongues lateral margins
-have few taste buds in adults
142
Filiform papillae
-distributed in parallel rows over anterior 2/3 of tongue
-lack tastebuds but contain touch receptors
-give tongue mottled white colour and increase friction between tongue and food
143
The teeth sensory innervation
-maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
-mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
144
2 sets of teeth
-deciduous teeth (primary)
-permanent teeth (secondary)
145
What does each row of teeth contain
-2 central incisors
-2 lateral incisors
-2 canines
-2 first premolars
-2 second premolars
-2 first permanent molars (erupt at age 6)
-2 second permanent molars (erupt at age 12)
-2 third permanent molars (wisdom teeth)
146
3 parts of the pharynx
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx
147
Nasopharynx function
-respiratory
148
Oropharynx function
-respiratory and digestive
149
Laryngopharynx function
-respiratory and digestive
150
Muscles of the pharynx
-superior pharyngeal constrictor
-middle pharyngeal constrictor
-inferior pharyngeal constrictor
151
Divisions of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor
-thyropharyngeal
-cricopharyngeal
152
Pharyngeal raphe
-structure where the constrictors come together at the midline
153
Pharyngobasilar fascia
-strong internal lining of the pharynx
154
3 longitudinal/elevator muscles of the pharynx
-stylopharyngeus
-palatopharyngeus
-salpingopharyngeus
155
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
-origin: pterygomandibular raphe
-insertion: pharyngeal tubercle & pharyngeal raphe
-innervated by vagus nerve
-constriction of the pharynx
156
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
-origin: greater and lesser horn of hyoid bone and stylohyoid ligament
-insertion: pharyngeal raphe
-innervated by vagus nerve
-constriction of pharynx
157
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
-origin: oblique line of thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
-insertion: pharyngeal raphe
-innervated by vagus nerve
-constriction of the pharynx
158
Stylopharyngeus
-origin: medial base of styloid process of temporal bone
-insertion: blends with pharyngeal constrictors
-innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve
-elevates pharynx and larynx
159
Palatopharyngeus
-origin: posterior border of hard palate & palatine aponeurosis
-insertion: posterior border of thyroid cartilage
-innervated by branches of pharyngeal plexus
-elevates pharynx superiorly, anteriorly and medially
160
Salpingopharyngeus
-origin: inferior/cartilaginous part of auditory tube
-insertion: blends with palatopharyngeus muscle
-innervated by branches of pharyngeal plexus
-elevated pharynx, opens auditory tube during swallowing
161
Larynx location
-extends from the laryngopharynx to the trachea
-lies anterior to C4-C6
162
Laryngeal vestibule
-portion of larynx that lies above the vocal folds
163
Infraglottic cavity
-portion of larynx that lies below the vocal folds
164
Pieces of cartilage of the larynx
-thyroid cartilage
-epiglottis
-cricoid cartilage
-arytenoid cartilage
-corniculate cartilage
-cuneiform cartilage
165
Thyroid cartilage
-prominence is adams apple
-composed of 2 fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form anterior and lateral walls of larynx
166
Epiglottis
-leaf shaped elastic cartilage
-can move up and down like a trap door
-prevents food and liquids from entering rima glottidis
167
Cricoid cartilage
-ring of hyaline cartilage that forms inferior wall of larynx
-attached to tracheal cartilage by criocotracheal ligament
168
Arytenoid cartilages
-paired
-triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage
169
Corniculate cartilages
-paired
-horn shaped pieces of elastic cartilage located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage
170
Cuneiform cartilages
-paired
-club shaped pieces of elastic cartilage located anterior to the corniculate cartilages
171
2 folds formed from mucous membrane of larynx
-vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
-vocal folds (true vocal cords)
172
Superior vestibular folds function
-aid in holding breath against the pressure in the thoracic cavity
173
Rima vestibuli
-space between vestibular folds and vocal folds
174
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx
-cricothyroid
-thyroarytenoid
-lateral cricoarytenoid
-posterior cricoarytenoid
-transverse arytenoid
-oblique arytenoid
-thyroepiglottic muscle
-aryepiglottic muscles
-vocalis muscle
175
Cricothyroid
-attachment: anterior border of thyroid cartilage
-elongates and places tension on vocal folds
-innervated by external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
-also receives cross-innervation from the recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
176
Thyroarytenoid
-attachment: base and anterior surface of arytenoid cartilage of larynx
-shortens and relaxes vocal folds
-innervated by recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve
177
Lateral cricoarytenoid
-attachment: anterior surface of arytenoid cartilage of larynx
-brings vocal folds together, thus closing the rima glottidis
-innervated by recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
178
Posterior cricoarytenoid
-attachment: posterior surface of arytenoid cartilage of larynx
-moves the vocal folds apart, thus opening the rima glottidis
-innervated by recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
179
Transverse arytenoid
-attachment: corresponding parts of opposite arytenoid cartilage of larynx
-closes the posterior portion of rima glottidis
-innervated by recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
180
Oblique arytenoid
-attachment: apex of opposite arytenoid cartilage
-regulates the size of the inlet of the larynx
-innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve
181
Thyroepiglottic muscle
-attachment: apex of opposite arytenoid cartilage
-regulates the size of the inlet of the larynx
-innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve
182
Aryepiglottic muscles
-attachment: originate at the apex of the arytenoids and insert at lateral border of epiglottis
-works with thyroepiglottic muscle to close laryngeal inlet
-innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve
183
Vocalis muscle
-attachment: lateral surface of vocal process of arytenoid cartilage
-assists in controlling and changing the tonal quality of the voice
-innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve
184
Anterior triangle of the neck
-from midline of neck to sternocleidomastoid and body of mandible
185
4 divisions of the anterior triangle of the neck
-submandibular
-submental
-carotid
-muscular
186
Posterior triangle of the neck
-bordered by sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and clavicle
187
Divisions of the posterior triangle of the neck
-supraclavicular
-occipital
188
Lateral border of the submandibular triangle
-posterior belly of digastric
189
Superior border of the submandibular triangle
-inferior border of mandible
190
Medial border of submandibular triangle
-anterior midline of neck
191
Posterior border of submandibular triangle
-posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid muscles
192
Anterior border of submandibular triangle
-anterior belly of digastric muscle
193
Roof of submandibular triangle
-skin, fascia etc
194
Floor of submandibular triangle
-mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles
195
Contents of the submandibular triangle
-submandibular glands
-lymph nodes
-facial artery and vein
-etc
196
Lateral border of the submental triangle
-anterior belly of digastric muscle
197
Inferior border of submental triangle
-hyoid bone
198
Superior border of submental triangle
-mandibular symphysis
199
Floor of submental triangle
-mylohyoid muscle
200
Contents of submental triangle
-submental veins
-submental lymph nodes
201
Superior border of muscular triangle
-hyoid bone
202
Superolateral border of muscular triangle
-superior belly of omohyoid muscle
203
Inferolateral border of muscular triangle
-sternocleidomastoid muscle
204
Base of muscular triangle
-median line of neck
205
Apex of muscular triangle
-junction of sternocleidomastoid and superior belly of omohyoid muscles
206
Contents of muscular triangle
-infrahyoid muscles
-thyroid gland
-parathyroid gland
-etc
207
Anterior border of carotid triangle
-superior belly of omohyoid muscle
208
Superior border of carotid triangle
-posterior belly of digastric muscle
209
Posterior border of carotid triangle
-anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle
210
Floor of carotid triangle
-thyrohyoid, hyoglossus, middle and inferior constrictors of pharynx muscles
211
Contents of carotid triangle
-carotid sheath
-internal jugular vein
-vagus nerve
-deep cervical lymph nodes
212
Ansa cervicalis
-formed by branches of spinal nerves C1-C3
-runs through anterior part of carotid sheath and gives off several motor branches to infrahyoid muscles
213
Superior border of supraclavicular triangle
-inferior belly of omohyoid muscle
214
Anterior border of supraclavicular triangle
-sternocleidomastoid muscle
215
Inferior border of supraclavicular triangle
-clavicle
216
Floor of supraclavicular triangle
-anterior and middle scalene muscles
217
Contents of supraclavicular triangle
-subclavian artery
-transverse cervical artery
-brachial plexus
-etc
218
Anterior border of occipital triangle
-posterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle
219
Posterior border of occipital triangle
-trapezius muscle
220
Inferior border of occipital triangle
-inferior belly of omohyoid muscle
221
Floor of occipital triangle
-levator scapulae, middle scalene and splenius capitis muscles
222
Contents of occipital triangle
-occipital artery
-accessory nerve
-brachial plexus
-etc
223
Digastric muscle
-double bellied muscle that depresses the mandible and opens the mouth
-origin: digastric fossa and mastoid notch
-insertion: hyoid bone
224
Mylohyoid
-true diaphragm of the floor of the mouth
-origin: mylohyoid line
-insertion: body of hyoid bone
-innervated by alveolar division of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
225
Common carotid artery bifurcations
-internal carotid artery
-external carotid artery
226
Branches of the external carotid artery
-superior and inferior thyroid arteries and veins
-facial artery
227
Carotid sheath structures
-common carotid artery
-internal and external carotid arteries
-internal jugular vein
-cranial nerves
-sympathetic plexus of nerves
-deep cervical lymph nodes
228
Carotid sheath function
-separate and help protect vital structures within it
229
Muscles of mastication
-temporalis
-medial pterygoid muscle
-lateral pterygoid muscle
-masseter
230
Temporalis
-origin: temporal fossa
-insertion: apex and medial surface of coronoid process of mandible
-anterior fibres elevate mandible and posterior fibres retract it
-innervated by deep temporal branches of mandibular nerve
231
Medial pterygoid muscle
-origin: maxillary tuberosity & pyramidal process of palatine bone & lateral plate of pterygoid process
-innervated by branches of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
-protrusion, elevation, medial movement of mandible
232
Lateral pterygoid muscle
-origin: infratemporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid & lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
-insertion: neck of mandible
-innervated by branches of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
-protrusion, depression, medial movement of mandible
233
Masseter
-origin: maxillary process of zygomatic bone &b inferior border of zygomatic arch
-insertion: lateral surface of ramus & angle of mandible
-innervated by masseteric nerve of mandibular nerve
-elevates and protrudes mandible
234
Groups of facial expression
-buccolabial group
-orbital group
-nasal group
-muscles of cranium and neck
235
Buccolabial group
-levator labii superioris
-levator anguli oris
-zygomaticus minor
-zygomaticus major
236
Orbital group
-orbicularis oculi
-orbicularis oris
237
Nasal group
-nasalis
-procerus
238
What part of the eye is responsible for high resolution, colour vision
-macula/fovea centralis
239
Flow of tears
1. lacrimal gland
2. excretory lacrimal ducts
3. superior or inferior lacrimal canaliculi
4. lacrimal sac
5. nasolacrimal duct
6. nasal cavity
240
Parts of the nasal septum
-perpendicular plate of ethmoid
-septal nasal cartilage
-vomer
241
Paranasal sinuses
-maxillary
-frontal
-ethmoidal
-sphenoidal
242
Openings of the paranasal sinus
-superior meatus
-middle meatus
-inferior meatus
243
What type of fluid does the outer bony labyrinth contain
-perilymph
244
What type of fluid does the inner membranous labyrinth contain
-endolymph
245
Parts of the external nose
-nasal bone
-upper lateral cartilage
-lower lateral cartilage
246
Muscles of the floor of the mouth
-mylohyoid
-geniohyoid
-stylohyoid
-digastric
247
Taste sensation of the tongue is controlled by what nerves
-vagus
-glossopharyngeal
-facial
248
Somatic sensation of the tongue is controlled by what nerves
-vagus
-glossopharyngeal
-lingual
249
Membranes of the larynx
-thyrohyoid membrane
-triangular membrane
-quadrangular membrane
250
Rima glottidis
-space in between vocal folds
251
Scalene muscles of the neck
-scalenus anterior
-scalenus medius
-scalenus posterior
252
Muscles of the scalp
-occipitofrontalis
253
Infrahyoid muscles
-omohyoid
-thyrohyoid
-sternothyroid
-sternohyoid
254
Occipitofrontalis
-origin: superior nuchal line of occipital bone
-insertion: lambdoid suture
-innervated by facial nerve
-retracts the scalp
255
Platysma
-origin: shoulder region of the neck
-insertion: mandible
-innervated by facial nerve
-open mouth and lower corners of lower lip
256
Smiling muscle
-risorius
257
Anterior aperture of the nasal cavity
-nostrils
258
Posterior aperture of the nasal cavity
-nasopharynx
259
Superior aperture of the nasal cavity
-cribriform plate
260
Inferior aperture of the nasal cavity
-incisive canal
261
Posterosuperior aperture of the nasal cavity
-sphenopalatine foramen
262
Olfactory region of the nasal cavity
-cribriform plate
-olfactory epithelium and receptors
263
Respiratory region of the nasal cavity
-nasal concha
-meatuses
-sphenoethmoidal reces
264
Superior meatus openings
-posterior ethmoidal sinus
265
Middle meatus openings
-frontal sinus
-maxillary sinus
-anterior and middle ethmoidal sinus
266
Inferior meatus openings
-nasal lacrimal duct
