Chapter Two: The Brain/Nervous System Flashcards
(273 cards)
1
Q
Parts of the brain
A
-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-brain stem
2
Q
Parts of the cerebrum
A
-telencephalon
-diencephalon
3
Q
Brain stem components
A
-mid brain
-pons
-medulla oblongata
4
Q
The diencephalon location
A
-forms central core of brain tissue
-superior to midbrain
-extends from brainstem to cerebrum and surrounds the third ventricle
5
Q
Main structures of the diencephalon
A
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-epithalamus
-subthalamus
6
Q
Thalamus location
A
-superior to midbrain
-80% of diencephalon
-beside 3rd ventricle
7
Q
Functions of the thalamus
A
-major relay station for sensory impulses (except smell), transmitted from spinal cord, brainstem and midbrain
-perception of pain, temp, proprioception and pressure
8
Q
Interthalamic adhesion
A
-bridge of gray matter that connects the right and left portions of the thalamus
9
Q
Internal capsule
A
-connects the thalamus to the cerebral cortex
-thick band of white matter
10
Q
Hypothalamus location
A
-small region of diencephalon located inferior to the thalamus
-beside 4th ventricle
11
Q
Divisions of the hypothalamus
A
-posterior hypothalamic (mammillary area)
-infundibulum (connects to pituitary gland)
12
Q
Hypothalamus functions
A
-major regulator of homeostasis
-control of the autonomic nervous system
-production of hormones
-regulation of emotional and behavioural patterns
-regulation of eating and drinking
-regulation of body temperature
-regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness
13
Q
Epithalamus location
A
-small region superior and posterior to the thalamus
14
Q
Epithalamus function
A
-contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin
-helps regulate circadian rhythms, wakefulness, hormone secretion and body temp
15
Q
Basal ganglia location
A
-3 masses of gray matter nuclei located deep within the cerebral hemispheres
16
Q
The corpus striatum (basal ganglia) consists of
A
-caudate nucleus
-lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus)
17
Q
Claustrum
A
-thin sheet of grey matter that is sometimes included as part of the corpus striatum; believed to be involved in visual attention
18
Q
Functions of the corpus striatum (basal ganglia)
A
-help regulate the initiation and termination of movements
-control subconscious movements of skeletal muscles
-help initiate and terminate some cognitive processes and may help regulate emotional behaviours
19
Q
Midbrain location
A
-extends upwards from pons to diencephalon
-aqueduct of midbrain passes through
20
Q
Cerebral peduncles
A
-on the anterior portion of the midbrain
-contain axons of pyramidal tracts
21
Q
Colliculi
A
-on the midbrain
-superior colliculi: serve as reflex centers for visual activities
-inferior colliculi: help relay auditory information from the ears to the thalamus
22
Q
Nerves coming off the midbrain
A
-oculomotor (III) nerve
-trochlear (IV) nerve
23
Q
Pons location
A
-superior to medulla and anterior to cerebellum
24
Q
Pons 2 regions
A
-ventral region: grey matter called pontine nuclei
-dorsal region: various ascending and descending tracts (white matter)
25
Pontine respiratory group
-works with medullary respiratory center to help control breathing
26
Cranial nerves coming off the pons
-trigeminal (V) nerve
-abducens (VI) nerve
-facial (VII) nerve
-vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve
27
Medulla oblongata location
-continuation of superior part of spinal cord and forms the inferior part of the brain stem
28
Medulla oblongata function
-contains all sensory and motor tracts that connect the spinal cord to the brain
-also contains many nuclei that regulate various vital body functions
29
Pyramids
-anterior bulges on the medulla
-contain the largest motor tracts that pass from cerebrum to spinal cord
30
Decussation of pyramids
-feature that results in motor fibres originating in the left cerebral cortex activating muscles on the right side of the body and vice versa
31
Medulla nuclei controls
-cardiovascular center: rate and force of heartbeat and blood vessel diameter
-medullary repiratory center: basic breathing rhythm
-other centers: control reflexes for vomiting, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and hiccuping
32
Olive
-lateral to the pyramids
-contains the inferior olivary nucleus
-relays impulses from proprioceptors to the cerebellum
33
Cranial nerves coming from the medulla
-vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve (cochlear branch)
-glossopharangeal (IX) nerve
-vagus (X) nerve
-accessory (XI) nerve
-hypoglossal (XII) nerve
34
The cerebellum location
-located in the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity
35
Transverse cerebral fissure
-seperates the cerebrum and the cerebellum
36
Tentorium cerebelli
-extension of dura mater that helps seperate the cerebrum and cerebellum
37
Vermis
-connects the 2 halves of the cerebellum
-central area of the cerebellum that makes it look like a butterfly
38
Lobes of the cerebellum
-anterior
-posterior
39
Falx cerebelli
-extension of dural mater between the hemispheres of the cerebellum
40
Cerebellar cortex
-superficial layer of the cerebellum
-contains ridges called folia
41
Arbor vitae
-branches of white matter in the cerebellum
42
How is the cerebellum connected to the brain stem
-inferior cerebellar peduncles
-middle cerebellar peduncles
-superior cerebellar peduncles
43
Inferior cerebellar peduncles
-carry sensory information
-connect to medulla
44
Middle cerebellar peduncles
-contain axons that extend from cerebrum and pons to the cerebellum
45
Superior cerebellar peduncles
-contains axons that extend from the cerebellum to the midbrain
46
Functions of the cerebellum
-to evaluate how well the movements initiated by the motor areas of the cerebrum are actually being carried out
-to regulate posture and balance
47
4 main regions of the brain
-cerebrum
-diencephalon
-brain stem
-cerebellum
48
The cerebrum function
-performs many mental tasks such as reading, writing, speaking, calculating, composing, imagining, memory, planning etc
49
Cerebrum structure
-largest part of the brain
-consists of right and left cerebral hemispheres and the corpus striatum
50
Cerebral cortex
-surface layer of grey matter that covers each cerebral hemisphere
51
Cerebral gyri
-ridges in the cortex
52
Cerebral fissures
-deep grooves between folds
53
Cerebral sulci
-shallow grooves between folds
54
Cerebral fissures
-grooves that seperate parts of the brain
55
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
-separates the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres and connected by the corpus callosum
56
Falx cerebri
-extension of the dura mater that seperates the 2 cerebral hemispheres
57
Lobes of the cerebrum
-frontal lobe
-parietal lobe
-temporal lobe
-occipital lobe
58
Central cerebral sulcus
-seperates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
59
Precentral gyrus
-anterior to the central sulcus
-contains the primary motor area
60
Postcentral gyrus
-posterior to the central sulcus
-primary somatosensory area
61
Lateral cerebral sulcus
-separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
62
Parieto-occipital sulcus
-separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe
63
Insula location
-part of the cerebrum
-located within the lateral cerebral sulcus, deep to the parietal, frontal and temporal lobes
-need to pull back these lobes in order to see it
64
Tracts of the cerebrum
-association tracts
-commissural tracts
-projection tracts
65
Association tracts function
-conduct nerve impulses between cerebral gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere
66
Types of commisural tracts
-corpus callosum
-anterior commissure
-posterior commissure
67
Commissural tracts function
-conduct nerve impulses from cerebral gyri in one cerebral hemishpere to a cooresponding gyrus in the other cerebral hemisphere
68
Projections tracts function
-conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS or from lower CNS parts to the cerebrum
69
Frontal lobe function
-control of voluntary movement
-involved in attention
-short term memory tasks
-motivation
-planning
-speech
70
Parietal lobe function
-integrates proprioceptive and mechanoceptive stimuli
-involved in language processing
71
Temporal lobe function
-decoding sensory input into derived meanings for retention of visual memory and language comprehension
72
Occipital lobe function
-center for visual processing
73
Insular lobe function
-processing and integration of taste sensation
-visceral and pain sensation
-vestibular functions
74
Limbic lobe function
-modulation of emotions
-modulation of visceral and autonomic functions
-learning and memory
75
Sensory areas of the cerebral cortex
-primary somatosensory area
-primary visual area
-primary auditory area
-gustatory area
-olfactory area
76
Primary somatosensory area
-located in the postcentral gyrus
-receives information for touch, proprioception, pain, tickle, itch and thermal sensations
77
Primary visual area
-located in the posterior occipital lobe
-receives impulses from visual receptors and is involved in visual perception
78
Primary auditory area
-located in the temporal lobe
-receives impulses from auditory receptors and is involved in auditory perception
79
Gustatory area
-located in insula
-receives impulses for taste and is involved in gustatory perception
80
Olfactory area
-located in superior temporal gyrus
-receives impulses from olfactory receptors and is involved in smell perception
81
Motor areas of the cerebral cortex
-primary motor area
-premotor cortex
-brocas area
82
Primary motor area
-located in the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
-controls voluntary skeletal muscle contraction
83
Premotor cortex
-located anterior to primary motor cortex
-involved in motor planning to cause specific muscle groups to contract simultaneously and serves as a muscle memory bank for coordinated movements
84
Brocas area
-located in the left frontal lobe
-involved in the planning and production of speech
85
Association areas
-somatosensory association area
-motor association area
-visual association area
-auditory association area
-wernicke's area
86
Somatosensory association area
-located posterior to primary somatosensory cortex (post central gyrus)
87
Motor association area
-located anterior to the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
88
Visual association area
-located in the occipital lobe outside the cuneus
89
Auditory association area
-located in temporal lobe
90
Wernickes area
-located in the left temporal and parietal lobes
91
Protection of the brain
-cranial bones
-cranial meninges
92
3 meninges layers
-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater
93
Dura mater layers
-periosteal layer (external)
-meningeal layer (internal)
94
Epidural space
-exists between the periosteal layer of dura mater and the cranial bones
95
Extensions of the dura mater
-falx cerebri
-falx cerebelli
-tentorium cerebelli
96
Arachnoid mater
-middle layer
97
Arachnoid granulations
-look like balloons
-regulate the release of CSF into the dural venous sinuses
98
Arachnoid trabeculae
-thin projections of connective tissue
-extend from arachnoid to pia mater
99
Subarachnoid space
-between arachnoid and pia mater
-fluid filled space occupied by CSF
100
Pia mater
-inner layer
-thin membrane composed of a single cells layer
-follows the contours of the gyri and sulci of the brain
101
Subpial space
-seperates pia mater from cerebral cortex
102
What is CSF
-clear liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord
-carries oxygen etc
103
Which ventricles do CSF travel through
-right and left lateral ventricles
-third ventricle
-fourth ventricle
104
Lateral ventricles location
-located in the 2 central hemishperes
105
Third ventricle location
-between right and left halves of the thalamus
106
Fourth ventricle location
-located between brain stem and cerebellum
107
How is CSF formed
-as blood flows through choroid plexuses located in the walls of the ventricles
108
CSF functions
-mechanical protection
-chemical protection
-circulation
109
Circulation of CSF step 1
-CSF produced in choroid plexuses of lateral ventricles flows into the third ventricle via interventricular foramen
110
Circulation of CSF step 2
-choroid plexus of the third ventricle adds more CSF and then flows into the 4th ventricle via the aqueduct of the midbrain
111
Circulation of CSF step 3
-choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle adds more CSF and then flows into the subarachnoid space via the one median aperture and the two lateral apertures
112
Circulation of CSF step 4
-after flowing through subarachnoid space
-CSF is gradually reabsorbed into the blood through the arachnoid granulations
113
Arterial supply of the brain sources
-internal carotid and vertebral arteries
114
How does blood return to systemic circulation
-from dural venous sinuses drain into internal jugular veins
115
The cerebral arterial circle (of willis)
-anatomical structure that provides an anastomotic connection between the anterior and posterior circulations
116
Main arteries of the anterior circulation
-internal carotid artery
-anterior cerebral artery
-anterior communicating artery
-middle cerebral artery
117
Supply of the anterior circulation
-forebrain
118
Main arteries of the posterior circulation
-vertebral artery
-basilar artery
-posterior cerebral artery
-posterior communicating artery
119
Supply of the posterior circulation
-posterior cortex
-midbrain
-brainstem
-cerebellum
120
Main arteries of the circle of willis
-anterior communicating artery
-anterior cerebal arteries
-internal carotid arteries
-posterior communicating arteries
-posterior cerebral arteries
121
Supply of the anterior cerebral artery
-frontal, parietal, and cingulate cortex
-corpus callosum
122
Supply of the middle cerebral artery
-lateral surface of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
-basal ganglia and internal capsule
123
Supply of the posterior cerebral artery
-occipital lobe
-inferolateral surface of the temporal lobe
-midbrain
-thalamus
-choroid plexus
-cerebral peduncles
124
3 parts of the autonomic nervous system
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic
-visceral
125
What regulates the autonomic nervous system
-hypothalamus and brain stem
126
2 motor neurons in the autonomic nervous system
-preganglionic
-postganglionic
127
Preganglionic neuron
-cell body in CNS and axon extends to autonomic ganglion
128
Postganglionic neuron
-cell body in autonomic ganglion and axon extends to autonomic effector
129
Autonomic plexus
-tangled network of axons of preganglionic neurons located in thorax, abdomen and pelvis
130
Sympathetic trunk ganglia
-sites of synapse between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neuron cell bodies
131
What are the 3 pairs of cervical sympathetic trunk ganglia located in the neck
-superior
-middle
-inferior
132
How many thoracic pairs are in the sympathetic trunk ganglia
-12
133
Grey communicating rami
-structures containing the postganglionic unmyelinated axons
134
Prevertebral ganglia
-anterior to vertebral column and close to large abdominal arteries
135
5 major prevertebral ganglia
-celiac ganglion
-superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia
-aorticorenal ganglion
-renal ganglion
136
4 parasympathetic ganglia
-ciliary ganglia
-pterygopalatine ganglia
-submandibular ganglia
-otic ganglia
137
Protective structures of the spinal cord
-the vertebral column
-3 spinal meninges
-a cushion of cerebrospinal fluid
138
What is included in the vertebral column
-vertebrae
-vertebral ligaments
139
3 spinal meninges
-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater
140
Spinal cord shape
-oval
-extends from medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebrae
141
2 enlargements of the spinal cord
-cervical enlargement
-lumbar enlargement
142
Conus medullaris
-where the spinal cord terminates
143
Filum terminale
-extension of the pia mater that extends from the conus medullaris and fuses with the arachnoid and dura mater to attach spinal cord to coccyx
144
Cauda equina
-"horses tail"
-lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves emerging from the lower part of the spinal cord
145
Internal matter of spinal cord
-core of grey matter
-surrounded by white matter
146
2 grooves of the spinal cord
-anterior median fissure
-posterior median sulcus
147
Horns of the spinal cord
-anterior grey horns
-posterior grey horns
-lateral grey horns
148
Funiculi of the spinal cord
-anterior funiculi
-posterior funiculi
-lateral white funiculi
149
Tracts of the spinal cord
-sensory (ascending) tracts
-motor (descending) tracts
150
What to white matter tracts of the spinal cord do
-transmit nerve impulses between brain and periphery
-sensory
151
What do grey matter tracts of the spinal cord do
-receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information
152
Lateral spinothalamic tract functions
-pain
-temperature
153
Anterior spinothalamic tract functions
-deep pressure
-fine touch, itching, tickling
-crude, poorly localized touch
154
Direct descending pathways of the spinal cord functions
-cause precise, voluntary movements of the trunk and limbs
-voluntary actions of the face, head, and neck
155
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there
-31
156
How are spinal nerves named
-according to region and level of spinal cord from which they emerge
157
How many pairs of cervical nerves are there
-8
158
How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there
-12
159
How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there
-5
160
How many pairs of sacral nerves are there
-5
161
How many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there
-1
162
Anterior spinal root
-motor neuron axons
163
Posterior spinal root
-sensory nerve fibres
-contains posterior root ganglion
164
Posterior root ganglion
-enlargement of the posterior spinal root that contains sensory neuron cell bodies
165
Spinal nerve trunk
-anterior and posterior root merge to form this
-results in every nerve being a mixed nerve
166
Posterior ramus of spinal nerve trunk
-serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk
167
Anterior ramus of spinal nerve trunk
-serves the muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs
-has 2 small visceral branches
168
Meningeal branch of anterior ramus
-reenters vertebral canal
-supplies vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord and meninges
169
Communicating rami of anterior ramus
-components of the autonomic division of the PNS
170
How many cranial sensory nerves are there?
-3
171
How many cranial motor nerves are there?
-4
172
How many cranial mixed nerves are there?
-5
173
Olfactory nerve (I) classification
-sensory
174
Olfactory nerve (I) function
-olfaction (sense of smell)
175
Olfactory nerve (I) passage
-pass through cribriform plate and synapse with other neurons in the olfactor bulbs
-or form the olfactory tracts and travel to olfactory area
176
Optic nerve (II) classification
-sensory
177
Optic nerve (II) function
-vision
-signals from rods and cones are relayed to ganglion cells
178
Optic chiasm
-2 optic nerves unite and cross over to form this area
-medial side fibres cross over
-lateral side fibres remain on the same side
179
Optic tract
-posterior to optic chiasm, regrouped fibres form the optic tracts
180
Optic nerve (II) passage
-most fibres travel to the lateral geniculate nuclei in the thalamus
-some travel to the superior colliculli of the midbrain
-travels through optic canal
181
Oculomotor (III) nerve classification
-motor
182
Oculomotor nerve (III) function
-innervated both extraocular and intrinsic smooth eyeball muscles
183
Oculomotor nerve (III) divisions
-superior and inferior branches
-both enter eye orbit via superior orbital fissure
184
Oculomotor nerve (III) superior branch innervates what
-superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris muscles (upper eyelid)
185
Oculomotor nerve (III) inferior branch innervates what
-medial rectus
-inferior rectus
-inferior oblique
-also provides parasympathetic innervation to ciliary ganglion
186
Oculomotor nerve (III) specific functions
-regulating movements of upper eyelid and eyeball
-adjustment of lens for near vision
-contstriction of pupil
187
Trochlear nerve (IV) classification
-motor
188
Trochlear nerve (IV) function
-movement of eyeball
189
Trochlear nerve (IV) passage
-originates in midbrain and enters orbit via superior orbital fissure
190
Trigeminal nerve (V) classification
-mixed
191
Trigeminal nerve (V) nerve branches
-opthalamic nerve
-maxillary nerve
-mandibular nerve
192
Sensory portion of trigeminal nerve function
-touch
-pain
-thermal sensations
193
Motor portion of the trigeminal nerve function
-supply the muscles of mastication
194
Ophthalmic nerve (branch of trigeminal) passage
-enters the orbit via superior orbital fissure
195
Maxillary nerve (branch of trigeminal) passage
-passes through the foramen rotundum
196
Mandibular nerve (branch of trigeminal) passage
-exits through the foramen ovale
197
Ophthalmic nerve (branch of trigeminal) function
-carries signals from upper eyelid, lacrimal glands, cornea, upper part of nasal cavity, side of the nose, forehead and anterior half of scalp
198
Maxillary nerve (branch of trigeminal) function
-carries signals from the nasal mucosa, palate, part of pharynx, upper teeth, upper lip, lower eyelid
199
Mandibular nerve (branch of trigeminal) function
-carries signals from anterior 2/3 of the tongue, lower teeth, cheek, skin over mandible, floor of mouth
200
Abducens nerve (VI) classification
-motor
201
Abducens nerve (VI) passage
-travel from the nucleus to the lateral rectus muscle via the superior orbital fissure of the orbit
202
Abducens nerve (VI) function
-abduction of the eyeball
203
Facial nerve (VII) classification
-mixed
204
Facial nerve (VII) passage
-sensory portion: from tastebuds of tongue to special sensory ganglion to a nucleus in the pons
-motor portion: from nucleus in the pons and passes through internal acoustic meatus to innervate middle ear, facial, scalp and neck muscles
-passes through stylomastoid foramen
205
Facial nerve (VII) function
-skin sensations
-innervation of skeletal muscles involved in facial expression
-parasympathetic innervation to various glands in the head
206
Vestibulocohlear nerve (VIII) classification
-sensory
207
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) branches
-vestibular branch
-cochlear branch
208
What is the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve associated with
-pons
209
What is the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve associated with
-medulla
210
Vestibular branch (vestibulocochlear nerve) function and passage
-sends nerve impulses to inner ear structures
-passes through internal acoustic meatus
211
Cochlear branch (vestibulocochlear nerve) function
-transmits nerve impulses associated with hearing
212
Glossopharangeal nerve (IX) classification
-mixed
213
Glossopharangeal nerve (IX) passage
-sensory: originate from taste buds to the medulla
-motor: originate from nuclei and exit from the jugular foramen
214
Glossopharangeal nerve (IX) sensory functions
-taste, proprioceptors, monitoring blood pressure, monitoring blood gas levels
215
Glossopharangeal nerve (IX) motor functions
-innervate the stylopharngeus muscle which aids in swallowing
216
Vagus nerve (X) classification
-mixed
217
Vagus nerve (X) passage
-travel from visceral sensory receptors of thoracic and abdominal organs etc
-exits through jugular foramen
218
Vagus nerve (X) sensory function
-taste, blood pressure monitoring and blood gas monitoring
219
Vagus nerve (X) motor function
-supply smooth muscles in the respiratory passageways, lungs, esophagus, stomach, small intestine
220
Accessory (XI) nerve classification
-mixed
221
Accessory nerve (XI) passage
-gray horn of cervical spinal cord, enter the foramen magnum and exit via the jugular foramen
222
Accessory nerve (XI) sensory function
-proprioception, pain
223
Accessory nerve (XI) motor function
-transmit impulses to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
-coordinate head and pectoral girdle movements
224
Hypoglossal nerve (XII) classification
-motor
225
Hypoglossal nerve (XII) passage
-originate in a nucleus in the medulla, travel through hypoglossal canal and innervate muscles of the tongue
226
Hypoglossal nerve (XII) function
-transmit nerve impulses related to speech and swallowing
227
Somatic motor pathways
-begin in neural circuits in the brain and spinal cord which create the motor signals that result in the production of all voluntary and involuntary movements
228
Where are lower motor neurons
-cell bodies are in the brain stem and spinal cord
229
3 groups of neurons that participate in control of movement by providing input to lower motor neurons
-upper motor neurons
-corpus striatum neurons
-cerebellar neurons
230
Upper motor neurons types
-primary motor cortex UMNs
-brainstem UMNs
231
Primary motor cortex UMNs function
-carry signals involved in motor planning and execution of voluntary movements
232
Brainstem UMNs function
-carry motor output to help regulate posture, balance, muscle tone and reflexive head and trunk movements
233
Corpus striatum neurons function
-assist movement
234
Cerebellar neurons function
-assist movement
235
Direct motor pathways
-provide input to lower motor neurons via axons that extend directly from cerebral cortex
236
Indirect motor pathways
-provide input to lower motor neurons from motor centers in the brain stem
237
Premotor area (in cerebral cortex) function
-receives signal regarding the desire to move a body part and then creates the motor plan
238
Primary motor area (in cerebral cortex) function
-major control center for initiation and execution of voluntary movements
239
Corpus striatum functions
-initiating and terminating movements
-suppressing unwanted movements
-controlling the level of muscle tone
-influencing cortical function
240
Cerebellar movement functions
-monitoring intentions for movements
-monitoring actual
-comparing command signals with sensory information
-sending out corrective feedback signals
241
Vestibular nuclei in medulla and pons function
-control postural reflexes
-nuclei receives sensory input from the eyes
-the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
-proprioceptors in muscles and joints
242
Reticular formation in the medulla, pons, and midbrain function
-helps control posture
-receives input eyes, ears, cerebellum, and corpus striatum
243
Superior colliculus of the midbrain function
-receives visual and auditory input that stimulates the body to turn in the direction of a sudden visual or auditory cue
244
Meningeal sinuses
-superior sagittal sinus
-inferior sagittal sinus
-transverse sinus
-straight sinus
-sigmoid sinus
-cavernous sinus
245
Cuneus
-gyrus on the occipital lobe
246
Calcarine sulcus
-separates the occipital lobe into the lingual gyrus and cuneus gyrus
247
Cingulate sulcus
-separates the cingulate cortex and limbic lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
248
Cerebral sulci
-central sulcus
-precentral sulcus
-postcentral sulcus
-parieto-occipital sulcus
-calcarine sulcus
-cingulate sulcus
249
Cingulate gyrus
-part of the limbic lobe
250
Somatic sensory system neurons
-first order neurons
-second order neurons
-third order neurons
251
Posterior dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway (PCML) components
-fasciculus gracilis
-fasciculus cuneatus
252
Fasciculus graclilis
-touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception
-lower limbs and lower trunk below T6
-inner portion
253
Fasciculus cuneatus
-touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception
-upper limbs and upper trunk above T6
-outer portion
254
Somatic sensory system anterolateral columns
-ventral anterior column (anterior spinothalamic tract)
-lateral column (lateral spinothalamic tract)
255
Somatic motor descending system
-corticospinal tract (direct motor pathway)
256
Corticospinal tract parts
-anterior corticospinal (uncrossed)
-lateral corticospinal (crossed)
257
Parasympathetic preganglionic nerves
-oculomotor (III) nerve
-facial (VII) nerve
-glossopharangeal (IX) nerve
-vagus (X) nerve
-pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)
258
Which ganglion does the oculomotor nerve (III) go to
-ciliary ganglion
259
Which ganglion does the facial (VII) nerve go to
-pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion
260
Which ganglion does glossopharangeal (IX) nerve go to?
-otic ganglion
261
Where do pelvic splanchnic nerves go
-straight to effectors
-ureter, urinary bladder, uterus, stomach etc
262
Where does the ciliary ganglion go
-eye
263
Where does the pterygopalatine ganglion go
-lacrimal glands, mucous membrane, palate etc
264
Where does the submandibular ganglion go
-submandibular glands, sublingual glands etc
265
Where does otic ganglion go
-parotid glands etc
266
Where does the vagus nerve go
-right to effectors
-heart, lungs, liver etc
267
Sympathetic division of ANS (plexuses and prevertebral ganglia)
-cardiac plexus
-pulmonary plexus
-celiac plexus
-superior mesenteric plexus
-inferior mesenteric plexus
-renal (aorticorenal) plexuses
-hypogastric plexuses
268
Sypathetic splanchnic nerves
-greater thoracic splanchnic
-lesser thoracic splanchnic
-lumbar splanchnic
269
Greater thoracic splanchnic nerve plexuses/ganglion
-celiac ganglion
270
Lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve plexuses/ganglion
-renal ganglion
-aorticorenal ganglion
-superior mesenteric ganglion
271
Lumbar splanchnic nerve plexuses/ganglion
-inferior mesenteric ganglion
272
How do pre and post ganglionic neurons leave and enter the spinal cord
-leave spinal cord at anterior root and enter sympathetic trunk via white communicating rami
-re-enter the spinal cord via gray communicating rami
273
4 fates of preganglionic axons from white communicating ramus
-synapse when enter
-pass up or down and synapse
-pass through sympathetic trunk without terminating and form splanchnic nerves which synapse in prevertebral ganglia
-extend to chromaffin cells on adrenal gland and synapse
