Chapter 4: Heart and Lungs Flashcards
(436 cards)
1
Q
Thoracic cage
A
-surrounds and supports organs in thoracic cavity and superior abdominal cavity
-provides support for upper limbs
-plays a role in breathing
2
Q
Superior thoracic aperture
A
-structures passing between thoracic cavity and neck pass through this
3
Q
Inferior thoracic aperture
A
-structures passing between thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity
4
Q
Sternum
A
-breastbone
5
Q
What structures does the sternum contain
A
-manubrium
-body
-xiphoid process
-sternal angle
-suprasternal (jugular) notch
-clavicular notches
6
Q
What does manubrium articulate with
A
-first and second ribs
7
Q
What do clavicular notches articulate with
A
-clavicles to form sternoclavicular joints
8
Q
How many pairs of ribs are there in total
A
12
9
Q
What are the true ribs
A
1-7
10
Q
What are the false ribs
A
8-12
11
Q
Vertebrocostal ribs
A
-pairs 8-10
-attach indirectly to the sternum
-attach to costal cartilages and articulate indirectly with the 7th costal cartilage
12
Q
Floating ribs
A
-only attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae as they do not attach to the sternum in any manner and are particularly short
-they do not have a neck or tubercle
13
Q
Surface features of ribs
A
-head
-neck
-tubercle
-body
-costal angle
-costal groove
14
Q
Intercostal spaces
A
-spaces between neighbouring ribs
15
Q
Why is rib 1 atypical
A
-shortest true rib
-single facet on head
-lacks angle and costal groove
-has 2 grooves for subclavian vessels
-scalene tubercle
16
Q
Why is rib 2 atypical
A
-tuberosity for serratus anterior muscle
17
Q
Why is rib 10 atypical
A
-single facet on head
18
Q
Why is rib 11 atypical
A
-single facet on head
-short neck
-lacks tubercle
-has a slight costal groove
19
Q
Why is rib 12 atypical
A
-single facet on head
-lacks tubercle, angle and costal groove
20
Q
Costovertebral joints
A
-costal demifacets: on vertebrae T1-T9
-costal facets: on vertebrae T1 and T10-T12
-on heads of ribs 1-12
21
Q
Costotransverse joints
A
-on tubercle of ribs 1-10
-transverse costal facets: on transverse processes of matching vertebrae
22
Q
Ligaments of the costovertebral joint
A
-fibrous capsule
-radiate and intraarticular ligaments
-only on joints 2-9
23
Q
Ligaments of the costotransverse joint
A
-fibrous capsule
-medial costotransverse
-superior costotransverse
-lateral costotransverse
24
Q
Movements of the costovertebral joints
A
-internal rotation and elevation of head of rib
25
Movements of costotransverse joints 1-6
-internal rotation of neck of rib
26
Movements of costotransverse joints 7-10
-posteromedial translation of neck of rib
27
Arteries of the intercostal space
-internal thoracic artery
-anterior intercostal arteries
-posterior intercostal arteries
-subcostal artery
28
Veins of the intercostal space
-anterior intercostal veins
-posterior intercostal veins
-subcostal vein
29
Nerves of the intercostal space
-intercostal nerves
-subcostal nerve
30
External intercostal muscles
-origin: inferior border of one rib
-insertion: superior border of immediate rib below
-innervated by intercostal nerves
-elevate the ribs
31
Internal intercostal muscles
-origin: costal groove of one rib
-insertion: superior border of immediate rib below
-innervated by intercostal nerves
-depress the ribs
32
Innermost intercostal muscles
-origin: costal groove of one rib
-insertion: superior border of immediate rib below
-innervated by intercostal nerves
-depress the ribs
33
Transversus thoracic muscle
-origin: inferoposterior surface of body of sternum and xiphoid process and sternal ends of costal cartilage of ribs 4-7
-insertion: internal surface of costal cartilages of ribs 2-6
-depresses ribs and supports intercostal spaces and thoracic cage
34
Diaphragm sternal part origin
-posterior aspect of xiphoid process
35
Diaphragm costal part origin
-internal surfaces of lower costal cartilages and ribs 7-12
36
Diaphragm lumbar part origin
-medial and lateral arcuate ligaments, bodies of vertebrae L1-L3 and anterior longitudinal ligament
37
Diaphragm insertion
-central tendon of diaphragm
38
Openings of the diaphragm
-aortic hiatus
-esophageal hiatus
-caval foramen
-openings for greater and lesser splanchnic nerves, and superior epigastric vessels
39
Recesses of the diaphragm
-costo-diaphragmatic recess
-costomediastinal recess
40
Innervation of the diaphragm
-phrenic nerves (C3-C5)
-sensory innervation of peripheries via 6th-11th intercostal nerves
41
Blood supply of the diaphragm
-lowest 5 intercostal arteries
-subcostal arteries
-superior phrenic arteries
42
Function of the diaphragm
-main muscle responsible for respiration
-increases abdominal pressure during defecation, vomiting and voiding
-applies pressure on the esophagus to prevent acid reflux
43
Parts of the abdominal surface of the diaphragm
-skeletal muscle
-central tendon
44
Openings of the abdominal surface of the diaphragm
-aortic hiatus
-esophageal hiatus
-caval foramen
45
Innervation of the abdominal surface of the diaphragm
-left and right phrenic nerves (C3-C5)
46
Blood supply of the abdominal surface of the diaphragm
-left and right phrenic arteries (branches of the abdominal aorta)
47
Where is the heart located
-between the lungs and in the mediastinum
-about 2/3 of it lies in the bodys midline
48
Surfaces of the heart
-anterior surface
-inferior surface
-right surface
-left surface
49
Surface projection
-refers to the outlining of the dimensions of an organ on the surface of the body
50
Surface projection points of the heart
-superior right point
-superior left point
-inferior right point
-inferior left point
51
Pericardium
-sac that surrounds and protects the heart
52
Portions of the pericardium
-fibrous pericardium
-serous pericardium
53
Superficial fibrous pericardium
-prevents overstretching of the heart
-provides protection
-anchors heart to mediastinum
54
Deep serous pericardium layers
-outer parietal layer
-inner viceral layer
55
Outer parietal layer
-lines inside of the fibrous pericardium
56
Inner visceral layer
-adheres to hearts surface
57
Pericardial cavity
-between parietal and visceral serous pericardial layers
-contains pericardial fluid
58
Pericardial fluid
-lubricating fluid that reduces friction between the membranes as the heart moves
59
Layers of the heart wall
-outer epicardium
-middle myocardium
-innermost endocardium
60
Outer epicardium
-visceral layer of the serous pericardium
61
Middle myocardium
-composed of thick cardiac muscle tissue
62
Innermost endocardium
-composed of connective tissue covered by endothelium that is continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels
63
Chambers of the heart
-right atria
-left atria
-right ventricle
-left ventricle
64
Auricle
-structure in the atrias
-allows atrium to hold a larger volume of blood
65
Where do atria receive blood from
-receive blood from major systemic veins and pulmonary veins
66
Where do ventricles pump blood to
-pump blood into systemic and pulmonary
67
Pulmonary pump
-consists of the right atrium and right ventricle
-pumps blood towards the lungs
68
Systemic pump
-consisting of the left atrium and left ventricle
-pumps oxygenated blood towards the rest of the body
69
Major grooves of the surface of the heart
-coronary sulcus
-anterior interventricular sulcus
-posterior interventricular sulcus
70
Right atrium
-receives deoxygenated blood from 3 veins
-superior vena cava
-inferior vena cava
-coronary sinus
71
Superior vena cava
-brings blood from most parts of the body superior to the heart
72
Inferior vena cava
-brings blood from all parts of the body inferior to the diaphragm
73
Coronary sinus
-brings blood from most of the vessels draining the wall of the heart
74
Pectinate muscles
-internal parallel ridges on the superior and right atrial walls
75
Crista terminalis
-smooth muscular ridge in the superior portion of the right atrium
-divides the musculi pectinati and the right atrial appendage from the smooth surface of the right atrium
76
Interatrial septum
-on the interior of the heart
-separates the atria
-has an oval depression called fossa ovalis
77
Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
-blood in right atrium flows into right ventricle through
78
Trabeculae carnae
-irregular surface of ridges on inner surface of right ventricle
79
Chordae tendinae
-ensure that the cusps of the tricuspid valve permit blood to flow into the right ventricle but prevent backflow of blood into right atrium
80
Interventricular septum
-separates the 2 ventricles
81
Where does the left atrium receive blood from
-receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via four pulmonary veins
82
Atrioventricular valve (bicuspid)
-blood in the left atrium flows into left ventricle through this
83
What forms the apex of the heart
-left ventricle
84
Trabeculae carnae
-irregular surface of ridges on the inner surface of the left ventricle
85
Aortic valve flow
-left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through aortic valve into the ascending aorta
86
Left and right coronary arteries
-ascending aorta gives rise to these
-they deliver blood to the walls of the heart
87
Ductus arteriosus
-during fetal life this structure shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta
-shortly after birth this closes
88
Ligamentum arteriosum
-remnant of ductus arteriosus after it closes
89
Myocardial walls of atria function
-relatively thin
-pump low pressure blood into ventricles
90
Myocardial walls of ventricles function
-relatively thick
-pump high pressure blood greater distances
91
Which ventricle has a thicker wall
-left
92
Fibrous skeleton of heart
-dense connective tissue of the heart wall
93
Fibrous skeleton of the heart tissue rings
-right atrioventricular ring
-left atrioventricular ring
-pulmonary fibrous ring
-aortic fibrous ring
94
Fibrous skeleton function
-provides a structural foundation for heart valves
-helps prevent overstretching of valves
-insertion point for cardiac muscle bundles
-electrically insulates atria and ventricles for proper action potentials
95
Heart valves function
-open and close in response to pressure changes as heart contracts and relaxes
-prevents backflow of blood in the heart
96
2 atrioventricular valves
-right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)
-left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid)
97
2 semilunar valves
-pulmonary valve
-aortic valve
98
Pulmonary valve location
-between pulmonary trunk and right ventricle
99
Aortic valve location
-between aorta and left ventricle
100
Semilunar valves function
-permit ejection of blood from ventricles
-prevent backflow of blood into heart
101
Coronary (cardiac) circulation
-flow of blood through the blood vessels that penetrate the myocardium
102
Left coronary artery divisions
-anterior interventricular branch
-circumflex branch
103
Right coronary artery divisions
-inferior interventricular branch
-marginal branch
104
Principal tributaries of coronary sinus
-great cardiac vein
-middle cardiac vein
-small cardiac vein
-anterior cardiac veins
105
What does the great cardiac vein accompany
-LAD artery
106
What does the middle cardiac vein accompany
-PDA artery
107
What does the small cardiac vein accompany
-runs parallel to inferior margin of coronary/AV sulcus
108
What does the anterior cardiac veins accompany
-runs along right inferior margin of right ventricle
109
Autorhythmic cells
-happens to 1% of cardiac muscle fibres during embryonic development
110
Function of autorhythmic cells
-act as natural pacemaker
-form the cardiac conduction system to conduct action potentials throughout myocardium
111
Components of the cardiac conduction system
-sinoatrial node (SA node)
-atrioventricular node (AV node)
-atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
-right and left bundle branches
-subendocardial conducting network
112
What controls pace of contractions
-nervous system
-hormones
113
Cardiac plexus
-includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
114
Sympathetic control of heart rate
-increases heart rate
-dilation of arteries
115
Parasympathetic control of heart rate
-decreases heart rate
116
2 circuits of blood circulation
-systemic circulation
-pulmonary circulation
117
Which side of the heart does systemic circulation
-left side
118
Systemic circulation
-left side of heart receieves oxygenated blood from lungs
-then pumps this blood into aorta which branches into smaller arteries
-these arteries carry blood to all organs
-capillaries merge to deliver deoxygenated blood into systemuc venules which merge to form systemic veins and carry blood to right atrium of heart
119
Which side of the heart does pulmonary circulation
-right side
120
Pulmonary circulation
-receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation and pumps it into pulmonary trunk
-this branches into pulmonary arteries that carry blood to left and right lungs
-in the lungs the pulmonary capillaries are site of gas exchange and the blood becomes oxygenated
-the oxygenated blood flows into pulmonary veins and returns to left atrium
121
What shape are the lungs
-cone shaped
122
Where are the lungs located
-thoracic cavity
-extend from diaphragm to above the clavicles and lie against the ribs
123
What separates the 2 chambers of the lungs
-heart
-mediastinum
124
Pleural membrane
-layer that covers and protects the lungs
125
Layers of the pleural membrane
-parietal pleura
-visceral pleura
126
Parietal pleura
-lines the walls of thoracic cavity
127
Visceral pleura
-adheres to the lungs
128
Pleural cavity
-between 2 pleura
-contains lubricating fluid that is secreted by the membranes
129
Base of the lungs
-broad inferior portion
130
Apex of the lungs
-narrow superior portion
131
Costal surface of the lungs
-lies against the ribs
132
Mediastinal surface of lungs
-medial
-contains hilum
133
Hilum of the lungs
-where bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit the lung
134
Cardiac notch
-left lung
-on medial surface
-heart rests on this
135
Lobes of left lung
-superior lobe
-inferior lobe
136
Oblique fissure (left)
-separates superior and inferior lobe
137
Lobes of the right lung
-superior lobe
-middle lobe
-inferior lobe
138
Upper part of oblique fissure (right)
-separates superior and inferior lobe
139
Lower part of oblique fissure (right)
-separates inferior and middle lobe
140
Horizontal fissure (right)
-borders superior portion of middle lobe
141
Right main bronchus divisions
-superior bronchi
-middle bronchi
-inferior lobar bronchi
142
Left main bronchus divisions
-superior bronchi
-inferior lobar bronchi
143
Lobar bronchi divisions
-segmental (tertiary) bronchi
144
Segmental (tertiary) bronchi function
-supply air to the bronchopulmonary segments of each lung
145
Lobule
-small compartment in each bronchopulmonary segment
146
Lobule contents
-lymphatic vessel
-arteriole
-venule
-respiratory bronchiole
147
Respiratory bronchiole divisions
-alveolar ducts
148
Alveolar duct
-contains about 100 alveolar saccule and pulmonary alveoli
149
Alveolar saccule
-terminal dilation of an alveolar duct and is composed of 20-30 pulmonary alveoli
150
Pulmonary alveolus
-cup shaped
-lined by simple squamous epithelium
-supported by thin elastic membrane
151
Arteries supplying blood to the lungs
-pulmonary arteries
-bronchial arteries
152
Pulmonary arteries
-how blood is delivered to the lungs from the right ventricle
-blood is also returned to heart
153
Bronchial arteries
-deliver oxygenated blood to bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs
154
Innervation of the lungs
-pulmonary plexus
155
Pulmonary plexus
-formed by branches of the vagus nerve
156
Pulmonary ventilation
-inhalation and exhalation of air between pulmonary alveoli of lungs and atmosphere
157
Inhalation (inspiration)
-when alveolar pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure
158
Principal muscles of inhalation
-diaphragm
-external intercostal muscles
159
Diaphragm innervation
-phrenic nerve
160
Exhalation
-air pressure in pulmonary alveoli is greater than atmospheric pressure
161
Muscles of exhalation
-passive process
-does not require muscles
-caused by relaxation of inspiratory muscles
162
Labored breathing muscles
-abdominal muscles
-internal intercostal muscles
163
Mediastinum
-compartment of thorax located in midline of the body
-contains most of thoracic viscera, apart from lungs
164
Mediastinum attachments
-vertically attaches to thoracic inlet
-bounded laterally by medial surfaces of pleura
165
Thoracic plane of ludwig
-imaginary line extending from sternal angle to T4-T5 space
-divides mediastinum into superior and inferior divisions
166
Inferior division of mediastinum divisions
-anterior compartment
-middle compartment
-posterior compartment
167
What divides the compartments of the inferior division of the mediastinum
-pericardial sac
168
Anterior mediastinum
-posterior to the body of sternum
-anterior to pericardium
169
Middle mediastinum
-bounded by pericardium
-encloses heart and origins of the great blood vessels
170
Posterior mediastinum
-posterior to pericardium
-anterior to vertebrae
171
Structures that belong to both superior and inferior mediastinum
-esophagus
-azygos veins
-vagus nerve
-phrenic nerve
172
Where do most mediastinal organs drain
-thoracic duct
173
Where does right side of thorax and right side of head drain
-right lymphatic trunk
174
Superior border of mediastinum
-thoracic inlet
175
Inferior border of mediastinum
-diaphragm
176
Anterior border of mediastinum
-sternum and costal cartilages of 1-5 ribs
177
Posterior border of mediastinum
-vertebral bodies of superior thoracic vertebrae
178
Lateral border of mediastinum
-parietal pleura of each lung
179
Contents of superior mediastinum
-thymus
-trachea
-superior vena cava
-aortic arch
-esophagus
-vagus and phrenic nerves
180
Contents of anterior mediastinum
-some remnants of thymus
181
Contents of middle mediastinum
-pericardial sac
-heart
-vena cava roots
-pulmonary trunk
-pulmonary arteries and veins
-root of aorta
-main bronchi and phrenic nerves
182
Contents of posterior mediastinum
-descending thoracic aorta
-azygos veins
-esophagus
-thoracic duct
-vagus nerves
-sympathetic trunk
183
Abdominal wall function
-protect abdominal viscera
-maintain stability
-assist in actions that involve increase of intra-abdominal pressure (coughing, vomiting, defacation)
184
Divisions of abdominal wall
-anterolateral wall
-posterior abdominal wall
185
Anterolateral abdominal wall layers
-skin
-superficial fascia
-muscles and associated fascia
-parietal peritoneum
186
Posterior abdominal wall layers
-lumbar vertebrae
-pelvic girdle
-posterior abdominal muscles and associated fascia
187
Lateral flat muscle group
-external oblique
-internal oblique
-transversus abdominis
188
Anterior vertical muscle group
-rectus abdominus
189
External oblique
-outermost muscle
-fibres run inferomedially
-origin: 5 to 12 rib
-insertion: anterior layer of rectus sheath
190
Internal oblique
-fibres run superomedially
-origin: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and iliopectineal arch
-insertion: lower costal cartilages and linea alba
191
Tranversus abdominus
-horizontal fibres
-origin: inner surface of lower costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliopectineal arch and iliac crest
-insertion: linea alba
192
Transverse fascia
-located below transversus abdominus
193
What forms the inguinal ligament
-inferior margin of external oblique
194
Semilunar lines
-formed by divisions of the internal oblique and correspond with lateral margins of rectus abdominis
-extend from 9th costal cartilage to pubic tubercle
195
Transversalis fascia
-separates the anterior abdominal wall from extraperitoneal fat
196
Divisions of the rectus sheath
-anterior layer
-posterior layer
197
Arcuate line
-where inferior epigastic artery and vein perforate the rectus abdominis
198
Rectus abdominus muscles
-run vertically on either side of anterior abdominal wall
-separated by linea alba
199
Tendinous intersections
-3 narrow bands on rectus abdominis muscles
-what results in 6 pack shape
200
Origins of vessels of anterolateral abdominal wall
-internal thoracic vessels
-external iliac vessels
-intercostal vessels
-femoral artery
-greater saphenous vein
201
Origin of main nerves of anterolateral abdominal wall
-lumbar and sacral plexuses
202
Inguinal canals
-naturally occuring paired canals in lateral lower regions of anterior abdominal wall
203
Inguinal canals function
-serve as a conduit for male gonads from point of origin to final destination
204
Deep inguinal ring
-origin of each inguinal canal
-located at medial half of inguinal ligament
205
Superficial inguinal ring
-termination of each inguinal canal
-located superolateral to pubic tubercle
206
Layers of abdominal wall from superficial to deep
-skin
-superficial fascia
-muscles
-transversalis fascia
-extraperitoneal fat
-peritoneum
207
Anterolateral abdominal wall muscles from deep to superficial
-transversus abdominis
-internal oblique
-rectus abdominis
-external oblique
-mnemonic spells out "TIRE"
208
Posterior abdominal wall muscles
-psoas major and minor
-iliacus
-quatratus lumborum
209
Arteries of the anterolateral abdominal wall
-internal thoracic
-posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries
-inferior epigastric artery
-deep and superficial circumflex arteries
210
Veins of the anterolateral abdominal wall
-superior and inferior epigastric
-thoracoepigastric
-subcostal
211
Nerves of the anterolateral abdominal wall
-thoracoabdominal
-lateral cutaneous branches of 7-11
-subcostal
-iliohypogastric
-ilioinguinal
212
Arteries of the posterior abdominal wall
-abdominal aorta
-subcostal
-inferior phrenic
-lumbar arteries
213
Veins of the posterior abdominal wall
-inferior vena cava
-inferior phrenic veins
-lumbar veins
-common iliac veins
214
Nerves of the posterior abdominal wall
-aortic plexus
-periarterial plexus
215
What is the peritoneum
-largest serous membrane of the body
216
2 main layers of the peritoneum
-parietal peritoneum
-visceral peritoneum
217
Parietal peritoneum
-lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
218
Visceral peritoneum
-covers some of the abdominal organs
219
Peritoneal cavity
-space in between the 2 layers of the peritoneum
-contains lubricating serous fluid
220
Intraperitoneal
-structures that are almost completely enveloped by visceral peritoneum and attach to the abdominal walls by a mesentery
221
Intraperitoneal organs
-liver
-spleen
-stomach
-first part of duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
-cecum
-vermiform appendix
-tranverse colon
-sigmoid colon
222
Retroperitoneal
-structures that lie between parietal peritoneum and posterior abdominal wall
-not supported by mesentery and have a layer of parietal peritoneum resting on anterior surface
223
Retroperitoneal organs
-rest of the duodenum
-pancreas
-ascending colon
-descending colon
-adrenal glands
-kidneys
-ureters
-upper rectum
-aorta
224
Function of the folds of the peritoneum
-bind viscera of GI tract to eachother and to abdominal wall
-contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves that supply abdominal organs
225
5 major folds of the peritoneum
-greater omentum
-falciform ligament
-lesser omentum
-mesentery
-mesocolon
226
Greater omentum
-longest fold
-extends from stomach and duodenum to the small intestine and the up to the transverse colon
227
Falciform ligament
-attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm
228
Lesser omentum
-suspends stomach and duodenum from the liver
-pathway of blood vessels entering the liver
229
Mesentery
-largest fold
-binds the jejunum and ileum of small intestine to posterior abdominal wall
230
Mesocolon
-binds sigmoid colon to posterior abdominal wall
-carry blood vessels and lymphatic vessels to the intestines
231
What shape is the stomach
-j shaped
232
4 main regions of the stomach
-cardia
-fundus
-body
-pyloric part
233
Cardia of the stomach
-surrounds superior opening of esophagus into the stomach
234
Fundus of the stomach
-rounded portion superior and to the left of the cardia
235
Body of the stomach
-large central portion inferior to fundus
236
Regions of the pyloric part
-pyloric antrum
-pyloric canal
-pylorus
237
Pyloric antrum
-connects to the stomachs body
238
Pyloric canal
-leads to the pylorus
239
Pylorus
-leads to the duodenum
240
Gastric folds
-allow stomach to distend and accomodate considerable amount of food
241
Pyloric sphincter
-how the pylorus communicates with the duodenum
242
Lesser curvature of the stomach
-concave medial border
243
Greater curvature of the stomach
-convex lateral border
244
Blood supply of the stomach
-branches of celiac artery
245
Where does blood drain into from the stomach
-hepatic portal vein
246
Parasympathetic innervation of the stomach
-celiac ganglia
247
Blood supply of the lesser curvature of the stomach
-left and right gastric arteries
248
Blood supply of fundus and upper body of stomach
-short and posterior gastric arteries
249
Blood supply of the greater curvature of the stomach
-left and right gastro-omental arteries
250
Function of the small intestine
-site of most digestion and almost all absorption of nutrients
251
3 regions of the small intestine
-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
252
Duodenum classification
-retroperitoneal
253
Location of duodenum
-pyloric sphincter to jejunum
254
4 parts of the duodenum
-superior limb
-descending limb
-inferior limb
-ascending limb
255
Jejunum location
-left upper quadrant of abdominal cavity
256
Ileum location
-right lower quadrant of abdominal cavity
257
Duodenojejunal flexure
-where jejunum begins
258
Ileocecal junction
-where ileum ends
259
Blood supply of the jejunum and ileum
-superior mesenteric artery
260
Ileal orifice
-where the ileum joins the large intestine
261
Innervation of the small intestine
-superior mesenteric plexus
262
Large intestine classification
-ascending and descending parts of colon are retroperitoneal
-remaining parts and rectum are attached by mesocolon
263
3 principal regions of the large intestine
-cecum
-colon
-rectum
264
Anal canal
-where rectum terminates
265
Cecum location
-lower right portion of abdominal cavity
266
What is the appendix attached to
-cecum
267
Mesoappendix
-mesentery of the appendix
268
Colon location
-merges from open end of cecum
269
4 segments of the colon
-ascending
-transverse
-descending
-sigmoid
270
Ascending colon
-ascends on the right side of the abdominal cavity to right colic flexure
271
Transverse colon
-travels across left side of abdominal cavity to left colic flexure
272
Descending colon
-descends on left side of abdominal cavity to the level of the iliac crest
273
Sigmoid colon
-travels medially from the left iliac crest to the level of the third sacral verebra
274
Rectum location
-descends anterior to sacrum and coccyx
275
Anal columns
-mucous membrane that contains blood vessels
276
Anus
-opening to exterior
-normally closed by 2 sphincters
277
Sphincters of the anus
-internal anal sphincter
-external anal sphincter
278
Internal anal sphincter
-smooth muscle tissue
-involuntary
279
External anal sphincter
-skeletal muscle tissue
-voluntary
280
Blood supply of ascending colon
-right colic and ileocolic arteries
281
Blood supply of transverse colon
-middle colic artery
282
Blood supply of descending colon
-left colic artery
283
Blood supply of sigmoid colon
-sigmoid arteries
284
Liver location
-under the diaphragm in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity
-vertebral levels T7-L2
285
2 surfaces of the liver
-convex diaphragmatic surface
-concave visceral surface
286
Visceral surface of the liver
-covered with visceral peritoneum
-except at porta hepatis and gallbladder fossa
287
Gallbladder fossa
-where gallbladder rests against liver
288
Porta hepatis
-passage for structures to pass to and from liver
289
Structures of the porta hepatis
-hepatic portal vein
-hepatic arteries
-common bile duct
290
2 principal lobes of the liver
-right lobe
-left lobe
291
Divisions of the left lobe of the liver
-quadrate lobe
-caudate lobe
292
What separates the lobes of the liver
-falciform ligament
293
Ligamentum teres
-free border of the falciform ligament
-extends from liver to umbilicus
294
Common hepatic duct
-formation of the right and left hepatic ducts
-exits the liver
295
Common bile duct
-formation of common hepatic duct and cystic duct
-drains bile into descending limb of duodenum
296
Where is bile stored
-gallbladder
297
Blood supply of the liver
-hepatic artery
-hepatic portal vein
298
Innervation of the liver
-parasympathetic innervation from vagus nerve
-sympathetic innervation from greater splanchnic nerves
299
What shape is the gall bladder
-pear shaped
300
Parts of the gallbladder
-fundus
-body
-neck
301
Blood supply of the gallbladder
-cystic artery
302
Drainage of blood from the gallbladder
-cystic veins
303
Innervation of the gallbladder
-celiac plexus
-vagus nerves
304
Pancreas classification
-retroperitoneal
305
Location of the pancreas
-posterior to greater curvature of the stomach
306
4 major regions of the pancreas
-head
-neck
-body
-tail
307
Ducts of the pancreas
-pancreatic duct
-accessory duct
308
Pancreatic duct
-joins the bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla
309
Accessory duct
-empties into duodenum
310
Blood supply of the pancreas
-superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
-plenic and superior mesenteric arteries
311
Drainage of blood from the pancreas
-hepatic portal vein
312
Innervation of the pancreas
-celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses
313
Structures of the urinary system
-2 kidneys
-2 ureters
-urinary bladder
-urethra
314
Shape of the kidneys
-kidney bean shaped
315
Kidney location
-just above the waist between the peritoneum and posterior abdominal wall
-between T12-L3 on left side and between L1-L4 on the right side
316
Protection of the kidneys
-ribs 11 and 12
317
Which kidney is slightly lower
-right kidney is lower than left kidney
318
Hilum of the kidney
-allows passage of ureter, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, and nerves
319
3 layers of protective tissue of the kidney
-renal capsule
-perirenal fat capsule
-renal fascia
320
Renal capsule
-inner layer
-dense irregular connective tissue that serves as a barrier against trauma
321
Perirenal fat capsule
-intermediate layer
-protects and insulates the kidney
322
Renal fascia
-outer layer
-anchors the kidney to surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall
323
Regions of the kidney
-renal cortex
-renal medulla
324
Renal cortex
-outer light red layer
325
Renal medulla
-inner dark red-brown region
326
Renal pyramids
-in the renal medulla
327
Renal papillae
-apexes of the renal pyramids
328
Nephrons
-functional unit of the kidney
-produce urine
329
Pathway of urine
-filtrate from nephrons drains into papillary ducts and onwards to minor and major calyces
-these deliver urine into renal pelvis and the urine exits kidney by flowing into ureter
330
Renal sinus
-cavity in the kidney that accomodates renal pelvis and calyces
331
Blood supply of the kidneys
-right and left renal arteries
-right and left renal veins
332
Innervation of the kidneys
-celiac and aorticorenal ganglia
-renal plexus
333
Ureter function
-transport urine into the urinary bladder
334
What allows transport of urine by the ureters
-peristaltic waves
-hydrostatic pressure
-gravity
335
Ureters classification
-retroperitoneal
336
Blood supply of the ureters
-renal arteries
-testicular/ovarian arteries
-common iliac arteries
-inferior vesical arteries
337
Innervation of the ureters
-renal plexuses
338
Urinary bladder location
-located in pelvic cavity posterior to pubic symphysis
-in males, anterior to rectum
-in females, anterior to vagina and inferior to uterus
339
Do males or females have a smaller bladder capacity
-females
340
Trigone
-triangle shaped area at floor of urinary bladder
341
Urethral openings
-2 posterior corners of the urinary bladder
342
Internal urethral orfice
-anterior corner
-opening into urethra
343
3 layers of the urinary bladder
-inner mucosa
-intermediate detrusor muscle (muscular layer)
-outer layer
344
Inner mucosa layer of the urinary bladder
-this permits bladder to inflate and deflate to accommodate varied urine volumes
345
Intermediate detrusor muscle (muscular layer) of the urinary bladder layers
-inner longitudinal layer
-middle circular layer
-outer longitudinal layer
346
Internal urethral sphincter
-circular fibres around opening to urethra
347
External urethral sphincter
-skeletal muscle
-inferior to internal urethral sphincter
348
Outer layer of urinary bladder
-advetitia on posterior and inferior surfaces
-serosa on superior surface
349
Micturition
-how urine is expelled
-involuntary and voluntary muscle contractions
350
Blood supply of the urinary bladder
-superior, middle and inferior vesical arteries
351
Drainage from the urinary bladder
-internal iliac vein
352
Innervation of the urinary bladder
-hypogastric sympathetic plexus
-2 and 3 sacral nerves
353
Urethra
-small tube leading from internal urethral orifice in the floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior
354
Urethra location in females
-posterior to pubic symphysis
-embedded in anterior wall of vagina
355
External urethral orifice location in females
-between clitoris and vaginal opening
356
Layers of female urethra
-deep mucosa
-superficial muscular layer
357
3 regions of the male urethra
-prostatic urethra
-intermediate urethra
-spongy urethra
358
Layers of the male urethra
-deep mucosa
-superficial muscular layer
359
Openings of the male urethra
-prostatic urethra openings
-spongy urethra openings
360
Prostatic urethra openings function
-deliver secretions from the prostate and the 2 seminal glands
-delivers sperm from the ductus vas deferens
361
Spongy urethra openings function
-ducts from bulborethral glands transports both urine and semen
362
Greater false pelvis
-superior to the pelvic inlet
363
Lesser true pelvis
-between pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet
364
Pelvic inlet
-bounded by linea terminalis
-formed by pubic symphysis and pubic crest, pectineal line and arcuate line of ileum
365
Pelvic outlet
-bounded by pubic symphysis, inferior rami of pubis and ischial tuberosities, sacrotuberous ligaments and tip of coccyx
366
Pelvic diaphragm parts
-levator ani
-coccygeus muscles
367
Levator ani
-arises from pubic bone, ischial spine and tendinous arch of levator ani muscle
368
Levator ani fibres divisions
-puborectalis muscle
-pubococcygeal muscle
-iliococcygeal muscle
369
Urogenital hiatus
-allows passage of urethra and genital canal
370
Rectal hiatus
-allows passage of rectum
371
Levator ani function
-control intra-abdominal pressure
-bears the weight of pelvic contents
-participates in closure of the rectum
372
Innervation of levator ani
-sacral plexus
373
Ligaments of the pelvic wall
-sacrospinous
-sacrotuberous
374
Functions of the ligaments of the pelvic wall
-stabilize sacrum on the pelvic bones by resisting upward tilt
375
Sacrospinous ligament
-origin: ischial spine
-insertion: sacrum and coccyx
376
Sacrotuberous ligament
-origin: PSIS, sacrum, coccyx
-insertion: ischial tuberosity
377
Greater sciatic foramen
-lies superior to the sacrotuberous ligament and ischial spine
378
Lesser sciatic foramen
-lies inferior to ischial spine and sacrospinous ligament
379
Obturator foramen
-has obturator canal at the top which is bordered by obturator membrane
380
Muscles of the pelvic wall
-obturator internus and piriformis
381
Obturator internus and piriformis
-origin: pelvic cavity
-insertion: femur
382
3 parts of the hip bone
-pubis
-ilium
-ischium
383
Parts of the pubis
-body
-superior ramus
-inferior ramus
384
Parts of the ilium
-body
-iliac wing
385
Parts of the ischium
-body
-ramus of the ischium
386
Perineal region divisions
-urogenital triangle
-anal triangle
387
Urogenital triangle
-anterior portion
-bounded by interischial line
388
Perineal membrane
-seals the urogenital triangle
389
Muscles of the perineal membrane
-bulbospongiosus
-ischiocavernosus
-transversus perineal muscles
390
Perineal membrane muscles innervation
-pudendal nerves
391
Ischiorectal fossa
-lies between urogenital diaphagm and pelvic diaphragm
392
Contents of the ischiorectal fossa
-abdominal fat
-pudendal artery, vein and nerve
-inferior rectal nerve and artery
393
Perineal body
-fibromuscular mass
-located between the 2 triangles
394
Muscles attached to the perineal body
-external anal sphincter
-bulbospongiosus
-transverse perineal muscles
395
Testis function
-sperm production
396
Testis location
-in the scrotum
397
Epididymis
-highly coiled tube attached to posterior surface of each testis
398
Parts of the epididymis
-head
-body
-tail
399
Which part of the epididymis is continuous with the vas deferens
-tail
400
Ductus (vas) deferens
-comprises the spermatic cord
401
Ejaculatory duct
-where ductus deferens terminates and joins the duct of the seminal vesicles
402
What is the most distal structure of the male reproductive canal
-urethra
403
Urethra function
-expels urine and sperm
404
3 major accessory glands of male reproductive system
-seminal vesicles
-prostate glands
-bulborethral glands
405
3 parts of the penis
-root
-body
-glans
406
Root of the penis
-attaches penis to perineum
-contains bulb of he penis
-contains paired crus of penis
407
2 erectile tissues of the body of the penis
-corpus spongiosum
-corpora cavernosa
408
Outermost internal female sex organ
-vagina
409
Where is vagina located
-posterior to urinary bladder and urethra
-anterior to rectum
410
Vaginal fornix
-formed from vagina and cervix
411
Vaginal orifice
-opens into vaginal vestibule
412
Blood supply of the vagina
-internal iliac artery
413
Innervation of the vagina
-inferior hypogastric plexus
-pelvic splanchnic nerves
414
3 parts of the uterus
-body
-cervix
-pouches
415
Body of the uterus
-main part
-connected to fallopian tubes
-has a base and an internal chamber
416
Cervix
-internal portion of the uterus
-has 2 openings
-cervical canal
417
Pouches of the uterus
-rectouterine pouch
-vesicouterine pouch
418
Peritoneal ligaments of the uterus
-broad ligament
-round ligament
419
Broad ligament of the uterus parts
-mesometrium
-mesovarium
420
Blood supply of the uterus
-uterine artery
421
Normal pelvic orientation
-anteverted anteflexed posture
422
Anal columns
-series of longitudinal ridges of the rectum
423
Anorectal juction
-border between rectum and anal canal
424
Anal valves
-inferior ends of anal canals
425
Anal sinuses
-recesses of the anal columns
426
Pectinate line
-indicates junction of the superior and inferior part of the anal canal
427
Innervation of the rectum
-rectal plexus
428
Blood supply of the rectum
superior and inferior rectal artery
429
Drainage of the rectum
-external and internal rectal venous plexuses
430
Anal canal
-terminaton of the large intestine
431
Anorectal flexure
-where the rectum narrows
432
Supply of the internal iliac artery
-pelvic wall and organs
-gluteal region
-thigh
433
Branches of the internal iliac artery
-parietal branches
-visceral branches
434
Supply of the external iliac artery
-lower limb
-muscles
-lower abdominal wall
435
Branches of external iliac artery
-inferior epigastric
-deep circumflex iliac arteries
436
Veins of the pelvis
-internal iliac artery
