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Social Psychology > Chapter Two > Flashcards

Chapter Two Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A
  • Different species are descended from common ancestors but have evolved over time
  • Acquiring different genetic characteristics as a function of different environmental demands
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2
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • Certain attributes are more successful in a particular environment and therefore become more represented in future generations
  • Animals with successful adaptations survive, reproduce, and shift population characteristics
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3
Q

Domain- Specific Adaptations

A

Attributes that evolved to meet a particular challenge but are not particularly useful when dealing with other types of challenges

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4
Q

Domain- General Adaptations

A

Attributes that are useful for dealing with various challenges across different areas of life

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5
Q

The 4 Domain- General Adaptations

A
  1. Humans are social beings
  2. Humans are intelligent (thinkers)
  3. Humans are motivated, goal-striving beings
  4. Humans are very emotional beings
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6
Q

The 2 Mental Systems

A

Experiential (automatic, not conscious, limbic system) and Rational (controlled, consciously recognized, frontal lobe/cortex)

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7
Q

Motivation

A

Generating and expending energy toward achieving or avoiding some outcome

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8
Q

Needs

A

Internal states that drive action that is necessary to survive or thrive

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9
Q

Goals

A

Cognitions that represent outcomes for which we strive in order to meet our needs and desires

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10
Q

Fusiform Face Area

A
  • Function is to recognize human faces
  • Triggers strong negative reaction when social rejection or exclusion occurs
  • Aids in categorization of people to facilitate social interaction
  • Prepares to think about others when resting
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11
Q

The 3 Part Division of Emotion

A

Background emotions (mood), Primary emotions (cross-cultural, distinct facial expressions), and Secondary emotions (variations of the primary emotions, include social emotions e.g. guilt, jealousy)

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12
Q

The 3 Primary Psychological Dimensions

A

Universal (evolved, shared characteristics), Individual (personal beliefs, personality), and Cultural (individual aspects shaped by specific culture).

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13
Q

Culture

A
  • Set of beliefs, attitudes, values, norms, morals, customs, roles, statuses, symbols, and rituals
  • Shared by a self-identified group
  • A group whose members think of themselves as a group
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14
Q

Common Yet Distinctive Elements of Culture

A

Norms, morals, customs, social roles, and cultural roles

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15
Q

Norms

A

Shared beliefs about appropriate or expected behaviour in particular situations

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16
Q

Morals

A

Beliefs about the nature of good or bad behaviour
- community morals - social obligations
- autonomy morals - personal rights
- divinity morals - sacred

17
Q

Customs

A

Specific patterns or styles of dress, speech, and behaviour, deemed appropriate in a particular context within a given culture. e.g. neck rings, full head tattoos

18
Q

Social Roles

A

Positions within a group that entail specific ways of acting, diving labor, responsibility, and resources

19
Q

Cultural Symbols

A

Represent culture as a whole, such as rituals

20
Q

Rituals

A
  • Patterns of actions performed in particular reinforcing contexts
  • Associated with beginning or end or something of biological, historical, or cultural significance
21
Q

The 3 Creative Adaptations of Culture

A

Cultural evolution, culture diffusion and culture transmission

22
Q

Cultural Evolution

A

Systems of belief or behaviour that contribute to the success of a society

23
Q

Culture Diffusion

A

Transfer of inventions, knowledge, and ideas from one culture to another

24
Q

Culture Transmission

A

Members of a culture learn explicitly or implicitly to imitate the beliefs and behaviours of others in that culture

25
Q

Individualistic Cultures

A

Nature of the self: Independent self-construal
Fitting in and sticking out: personal freedom; freedom of speech

26
Q

Collectivist Cultures

A

Nature of the self: Interdependent self-construal
Fitting in and sticking out: social harmony and meeting cultural expectations

27
Q

Difference In Emotion Between Individualistic and Collectivist Culture

A
  • Ways emotions are experienced and displayed
  • Desirability of display of various emotions
  • Differences in how distinctions between in-group and out-group members are viewed
28
Q

Metaphysical Environment

A
  • Nature of reality, significance of our lives, cosmic order
  • Human intellect makes us uniquely aware of death
  • Human intellect also allows us to manage fear of death (terror management theory / TMT)
  • Each culture creates a unique cultural window
29
Q

Cultural Worldview

A

Constructed, shared, symbolic conceptions of reality that create meaning, order and permanence

30
Q

The 5 Elements of Cultural Worldview

A
  1. A theory of reality
  2. Institutions, symbols, rituals that support worldview
  3. Standards of value
  4. The promise of actual or symbolic immortality
  5. Creation stories
31
Q

The 7 Cultural Worldviews of General Transmission

A
  • Educational systems
  • Primary languages
  • Religious institutions
  • Clubs and organizations
  • Rituals
  • Holidays
  • Symbols
32
Q

The 2 Bases of Self Worth

A

Self esteem and just world beliefs

33
Q

Self Esteem

A

A person’s evaluation of his or her value or self-worth

34
Q

Just World Beliefs

A

The idea that good things will happen to the worthy and bad things will happen to the unworthy

35
Q

Protective Shield of Cultural Beliefs

A
  • When cultural beliefs are compromised, thoughts of death leak into a person’s mind (death thought accessibility hypothesis)
  • Reminders of death increase investment in culture, but threatening culture increases awareness of death
36
Q

East Asian Thinking Style

A

Holistic thinking; attention to balance, context, and complex relationship among things; value moderation

37
Q

Westerners Thinking Style

A

Analytic thinking; focus on stable categories, classification, and logical, linear relationships; value maximization

38
Q

Acculturation

A

The process whereby individuals adapt their behaviour in response to exposure to a new culture

39
Q

The 4 Results of Acculturation

A
  1. Acculturative stress
  2. Integration
  3. Bicultural integration
  4. Melting pot

Social Psychology (3 decks)

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