Chapter Two

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

• Different species are descended from common ancestors but have evolved over time
• Acquiring different genetic characteristics as a function of different environmental demands

Question 2

Natural Selection

Answer 2

• Certain attributes are more successful in a particular environment and therefore become more represented in future generations
• Animals with successful adaptations survive, reproduce, and shift population characteristics

Question 3

Domain- Specific Adaptations

Answer 3

Attributes that evolved to meet a particular challenge but are not particularly useful when dealing with other types of challenges

Question 4

Domain- General Adaptations

Answer 4

Attributes that are useful for dealing with various challenges across different areas of life

Question 5

The 4 Domain- General Adaptations

Answer 5

1. Humans are social beings
2. Humans are intelligent (thinkers)
3. Humans are motivated, goal-striving beings
4. Humans are very emotional beings

Question 6

The 2 Mental Systems

Answer 6

Experiential (automatic, not conscious, limbic system) and Rational (controlled, consciously recognized, frontal lobe/cortex)

Question 7

Motivation

Answer 7

Generating and expending energy toward achieving or avoiding some outcome

Question 8

Needs

Answer 8

Internal states that drive action that is necessary to survive or thrive

Question 9

Goals

Answer 9

Cognitions that represent outcomes for which we strive in order to meet our needs and desires

Question 10

Fusiform Face Area

Answer 10

• Function is to recognize human faces
• Triggers strong negative reaction when social rejection or exclusion occurs
• Aids in categorization of people to facilitate social interaction
• Prepares to think about others when resting

Question 11

The 3 Part Division of Emotion

Answer 11

Background emotions (mood), Primary emotions (cross-cultural, distinct facial expressions), and Secondary emotions (variations of the primary emotions, include social emotions e.g. guilt, jealousy)

Question 12

The 3 Primary Psychological Dimensions

Answer 12

Universal (evolved, shared characteristics), Individual (personal beliefs, personality), and Cultural (individual aspects shaped by specific culture).

Question 13

Culture

Answer 13

• Set of beliefs, attitudes, values, norms, morals, customs, roles, statuses, symbols, and rituals
• Shared by a self-identified group
• A group whose members think of themselves as a group

Question 14

Common Yet Distinctive Elements of Culture

Answer 14

Norms, morals, customs, social roles, and cultural roles

Question 15

Norms

Answer 15

Shared beliefs about appropriate or expected behaviour in particular situations

Question 16

Morals

Answer 16

Beliefs about the nature of good or bad behaviour
- community morals - social obligations
- autonomy morals - personal rights
- divinity morals - sacred

Question 17

Customs

Answer 17

Specific patterns or styles of dress, speech, and behaviour, deemed appropriate in a particular context within a given culture. e.g. neck rings, full head tattoos

Question 18

Social Roles

Answer 18

Positions within a group that entail specific ways of acting, diving labor, responsibility, and resources

Question 19

Cultural Symbols

Answer 19

Represent culture as a whole, such as rituals

Question 20

Rituals

Answer 20

• Patterns of actions performed in particular reinforcing contexts
• Associated with beginning or end or something of biological, historical, or cultural significance

Question 21

The 3 Creative Adaptations of Culture

Answer 21

Cultural evolution, culture diffusion and culture transmission

Question 22

Cultural Evolution

Answer 22

Systems of belief or behaviour that contribute to the success of a society

Question 23

Culture Diffusion

Answer 23

Transfer of inventions, knowledge, and ideas from one culture to another

Question 24

Culture Transmission

Answer 24

Members of a culture learn explicitly or implicitly to imitate the beliefs and behaviours of others in that culture

Question 25

Individualistic Cultures

Answer 25

Nature of the self: Independent self-construal Fitting in and sticking out: personal freedom; freedom of speech

Question 26

Collectivist Cultures

Answer 26

Nature of the self: Interdependent self-construal Fitting in and sticking out: social harmony and meeting cultural expectations

Question 27

Difference In Emotion Between Individualistic and Collectivist Culture

Answer 27

- Ways emotions are experienced and displayed - Desirability of display of various emotions - Differences in how distinctions between in-group and out-group members are viewed

Question 28

Metaphysical Environment

Answer 28

- Nature of reality, significance of our lives, cosmic order - Human intellect makes us uniquely aware of death - Human intellect also allows us to manage fear of death (terror management theory / TMT) - Each culture creates a unique cultural window

Question 29

Cultural Worldview

Answer 29

Constructed, shared, symbolic conceptions of reality that create meaning, order and permanence

Question 30

The 5 Elements of Cultural Worldview

Answer 30

1. A theory of reality 2. Institutions, symbols, rituals that support worldview 3. Standards of value 4. The promise of actual or symbolic immortality 5. Creation stories

Question 31

The 7 Cultural Worldviews of General Transmission

Answer 31

- Educational systems - Primary languages - Religious institutions - Clubs and organizations - Rituals - Holidays - Symbols

Question 32

The 2 Bases of Self Worth

Answer 32

Self esteem and just world beliefs

Question 33

Self Esteem

Answer 33

A person's evaluation of his or her value or self-worth

Question 34

Just World Beliefs

Answer 34

The idea that good things will happen to the worthy and bad things will happen to the unworthy

Question 35

Protective Shield of Cultural Beliefs

Answer 35

- When cultural beliefs are compromised, thoughts of death leak into a person's mind (death thought accessibility hypothesis) - Reminders of death increase investment in culture, but threatening culture increases awareness of death

Question 36

East Asian Thinking Style

Answer 36

Holistic thinking; attention to balance, context, and complex relationship among things; value moderation

Question 37

Westerners Thinking Style

Answer 37

Analytic thinking; focus on stable categories, classification, and logical, linear relationships; value maximization

Question 38

Acculturation

Answer 38

The process whereby individuals adapt their behaviour in response to exposure to a new culture

Question 39

The 4 Results of Acculturation

Answer 39

1. Acculturative stress 2. Integration 3. Bicultural integration 4. Melting pot