chapter two

Question 1

1. Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable.
   observable
   original
   provable
   testable

Answer 1

testable

Question 2

2. ________ are defined as observable realities.
   behaviors
   facts
   opinions
   theories

Answer 2

facts

Question 3

3. Scientific knowledge is ________.
   intuitive
   empirical
   permanent
   subjective

Answer 3

empirical

Question 4

4. A major criticism of Freud’s early theories involves the fact that his theories ________.
   were too limited in scope
   were too outrageous
   were too broad
   were not testable

Answer 4

were not testable

Question 5

5. Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________.
   archival research
   case study
   naturalistic observation
   survey

Answer 5

case study

Question 6

6. ________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments.
   archival research
   case study
   naturalistic observation
   survey

Answer 6

naturalistic observation

Question 7

. The major limitation of case studies is ________.
the superficial nature of the information collected in this approach
the lack of control that the researcher has in this approach
the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population
the absence of inter-rater reliability

Answer 7

the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population

Question 8

8. The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________.
   the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting
   how quick and easy these studies are to perform
   the researcher’s capacity to make sure that data is collected as efficiently as possible
   the ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach

Answer 8

the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting

Question 9

9. Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________.
   naturalistic observation
   survey research
   longitudinal research
   archival research

Answer 9

archival research

Question 10

10. ________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.
    archival research
    longitudinal research
    naturalistic observation
    cross-sectional research

Answer 10

longitudinal research

Question 11

11. A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form.
    archive
    case Study
    naturalistic observation
    survey

Answer 11

survey

Question 12

12. Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________.
    deception
    observation
    attrition
    generalization

Answer 12

attrition

Question 13

13. Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that:
    There is no relationship between height and weight.
    Usually, the taller someone is, the thinner they are.
    Usually, the shorter someone is, the heavier they are.
    As height increases, typically weight increases.

Answer 13

as height increases, typically weight increases

Question 14

14. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?
    –.90
    –.50
    +.80
    +.25

Answer 14

-.90

Question 15

15. Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam?
    Watching too much television leads to poor exam performance.
    Smart students watch less television.
    Viewing television interferes with a student’s ability to prepare for the upcoming exam.
    Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.

Answer 15

students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams

Question 16

16. The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________.
    it is closest to 0
    it is closest to -1
    it is positive
    it is negative

Answer 16

it is closest to 0

Question 17

17. ________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study.
    operationalizing
    placebo effect
    random assignment
    random sampling

Answer 17

random sampling

Question 18

18. The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.
    dependent variable; independent variable
    independent variable; dependent variable
    placebo effect; experimenter bias
    experiment bias; placebo effect

Answer 18

independent variable, dependent variable

Question 19

19. Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.
    randomly assign
    randomly select
    operationalize
    generalize

Answer 19

operationalize

Question 20

20. Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment.
    dependent variable
    independent variable
    statistical analysis
    placebo

Answer 20

placebo

Question 21

21. ________ is to animal research as ________ is to human research.
    informed consent; deception
    IACUC; IRB
    IRB; IACUC
    deception; debriefing

Answer 21

IACUC:IRB

Question 22

22. Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses.
    informed consent
    deception
    ethics
    debriefing

Answer 22

deception

Question 23

23. A person’s participation in a research project must be ________.
    random
    rewarded
    voluntary
    public

Answer 23

voluntary

Question 24

24. Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form.
    informed consent
    debriefing
    IRB
    ethics

Answer 24

informed consent