Chapter Two Flashcards

(39 cards)

1
Q

genes

A

basic units of biological info

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2
Q

heredity

A

the way genes transmit physiological, anatomical and behavioral traits from parent to offspring

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3
Q

genetics

A

the science of heredity

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4
Q

artificial selection

A

purposeful control over mating by choice of parents for the next generation

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5
Q

blended inheritance

A

the idea that parental traits become mixed and forever changed in the offspring

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6
Q

self fertilization

A

both egg and pollen come from same plant

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7
Q

cross fertilization

A

using two individuals for fertilizatoin

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8
Q

discrete traits

A

no intermediate form

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9
Q

continuous traits

A

intermediates form

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10
Q

true breeding/ pure breeding

A

traits that remain constant from generation to generation

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11
Q

true breeding also known as

A

inbreeding

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12
Q

hybrids

A

offspring of genetically dissimilar parents

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13
Q

reciproca cross

A

he reversed traits of male and female parents

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14
Q

progeny of P is

A

F1, first filial

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15
Q

monohybrid

A

experiments involving hybrids for a single trait,

individuals having two different alleles for a single trait

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16
Q

alleles

A

alternative forms of a single gene

17
Q

gametes

A

haploid, either egg or sperm

18
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

19
Q

law of segregation

A

the two alleles for each trait separate during gamete formation, and then unite at random, one from each parent , at fertilization

20
Q

segregation

A

separating equally

21
Q

product rule

A

the probability of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of probabilities that each event will occur by itself
key word is and

22
Q

sum rule

A

the probability of either of two such mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities
keyword is or

23
Q

phenotype

24
Q

genotype

A

actual pair of alleles

25
homozygous
yy
26
heterzygous
Yy
27
testcross
Y- x yy, dominant crossed with recessive
28
dihybrid cross
purebreeding parents, two unrelated traits crossed
29
parental types
progeny look like parents
30
recombinant types
new phenotypic combinations different from parent
31
law of independent assortment
during gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other
32
dihybrid cross produces what ratio
9:3:3:1
33
multihybrid crosses
matings between the F1 progeny of pure-breeding parents that differed in three or more unrelated traits
34
pedigree
family history
35
consanguineous mating
mating between relatives
36
circle in pedigree is
female
37
square in pedigree is
male
38
how to recognize dominant trait
affected children has at least one affected parent vertical pattern: trait shown in every generation 2 affected parents can produce unaffected child, if both parents heteroz
39
how to recognize recessive trait
affected individuals can be children of two unaffected carriers all children of two affected parents should be affected rare recessive is horizontal: trait first appears among several members of one generation but not in earlier generations recessive traits vertical: extremely common in population