Chapter Two: Theory And Research Flashcards
(40 cards)
Hypotheses
Tentative explanations or predictions that can be explanations that can be tested by further research.
Mechanistic Model
Model that views human development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli.
Organismic Model
Model that views human development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages.
Quantitative Change
Changes in number or amount
Qualitative Change
Discontinuous changes in kind, structure, and organization.
Psychoanalytic Development
View of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior.
Psychosexual Development
An unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus to the genitals. (Freud’s theory)
Psychosocial development
The socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, or self. (Erikson’s eight stage theory)
Learning Perspective
View of human development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience of from adaptation to the environment.
Behaviorism
Learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of the environment in causing observable behavior.
Classical Conditioning
Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response.
Operant Conditioning
Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences.
Reinforcement
The process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
Punishment
The process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition.
Social Learning Theory (social cognitive theory)
Behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models.
Reciprocal Determination
Bandura’s term for bidirectional forces that affect development.
Observational Learning
Learning through watching the behavior of others.
Self-efficacy
Sense of one’s capability to master challenges and achieve goals.
Cognitive Perspective
View that thought processes are central to development.
Cognitive-stage Theory
Plaget’s theory that children’s cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations.
Organization (plaget)
The creation of categories or systems of knowledge.
Schemes
Organized patterns of thought and behavior.
Assimilation
Incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure.
Sociocultural Theory
Vygotskys’s theory of how contextual factors affect children development.
