Chapter13

Question 1

ascribed status

Answer 1

Statuses assigned to individuals because of certain traits beyond their control.

Question 2

social mobility

Answer 2

The process by which individuals and families move up an economic or status hierarchy.

Question 3

primary labor market

Answer 3

High wage-paying jobs that provide chances to ‘get ahead’

and that offer job security

Question 4

secondary labor market

Answer 4

High-turnover, lower-paying, and generally unstable employment. These jobs offer very little chance to get ahead and little job security

Question 5

socialization

Answer 5

The process by which people internalize and learn their culture, much of which occurs during childhood.

Question 6

meritocracy

Answer 6

The holding of power or authority by people selected because of their ability.

Question 7

credentialism

Answer 7

A process of social selection that gives class advantage and social status to people who possess academic 
advantage.

Question 8

credential inflation

Answer 8

The tendency of schools to provide and employers to demand ever-more schooling and ever-higher credentials for work that is no more demanding or complex.

Question 9

professionalization

Answer 9

The process by which an occupation raises its standing by limiting the number of entrants and regulating their behaviour

Question 10

over-education

Answer 10

Having more education than is actually needed to successfully perform employment roles and functions.

Question 11

bullying

Answer 11

Any form of repeated aggression marked by an observable power differential between individuals