Chapter14 Flashcards
(13 cards)
demographic transition
Shift in a population or society through a series of stages
from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
environmental racism
A type of discrimination that results in the concentration of poor racial minorities in densely packed, poorly served urban neighbourhoods, often with greater levels of pollution and located near waste dumps and heavy industry.
gentrificaiton
The restoration and upgrading of deteriorated urban property by middle-class or affluent people, often resulting in displacement of lower-income people. (revitalization of inner city)
gemeinschaft
Social situations in which those involved treat one
another as ends rather than as means; primary relationships based on sentiment, found most often in rural life.
gesellschaft
Social situations in which those involved treat one another
as means rather than as ends; secondary relations based primarily on calculation and individual interest, found most often in city life.
mechanical solidarity
Durkheim’s term for the kind of tight, homogeneous social
order typical of a pre-industrial, primarily rural society.
positive checks
Part of Malthusian theory, these prevent overpopulation by increasing the death rate. They include war, famine, pestilence, and disease.
prevention checks
In Malthusian theory, these prevent overpopulation by limiting the number or survivals of live births. They include abortion, infanticide, sexual abstinence, delayed marriage,
and contraceptive technologies
population density
The number of people who live within a geographic area, usually expressed as people per square mile or square kilometre.
urbanization
The growth in the proportion of the population living in urbanized areas. There is also an increasing appearance in rural and small-town areas of behaviour patterns and
cultural values associated with big-city life.
suburbanization
The process by which housing spreads almost unhindered into once rural regions surrounding the city core. This greatly expands the geographic size of cities and takes out of production valuable agricultural land, and there is a noticed shift of the affluent out of the urban centre to these surrounding areas.
neighborhood effects,
Influences on people’s lives that result from living in one type of neighbourhood (for example, rich versus poor, or dangerous versus safe) rather than another.
organic solidarity
Durkheim’s term for the new social order of industrial society, which was based on interdependent, though not necessarily intimate, relationships.
