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Urinary > Chapter26 > Flashcards

Chapter26 Flashcards

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0
Q

Six functions of kidney

A 
Excretion
Regulation of blood volume and pressure
Regulation of solutes in blood
Regulation of extra cellular fluid pH
Regulation of RBC synthesis
Regulation of vitamin D synthesis
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1
Q

Urinary system includes these organs

A

Two kidneys
Two ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

Renal capsule

A

Layer of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each kidney

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3
Q

Renal fascia

A

Thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds adipose tissue and helps anchor kidney

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4
Q

Renal sinus

A

Hilum enters. Cavity filled with adipose and connective tissue

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5
Q

The kidneys are organized into two major regions:

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla surrounding renal sinus

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6
Q

Medullary Rays

A

Extend from renal pyramids into the cortex

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7
Q

Renal columns

A

Cortical tissue that projects between renal pyramids

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8
Q

Renal papillae

A

Tips of pyramids that point toward the renal sinus

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9
Q

Minor calyces

A

Funnel shaped chambers into which the renal papillae extend

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10
Q

Major calyces

A

Minor calyces of several pyramids merge to form larger funnels.

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11
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Major calyces converge to form an enlarged chamber (renal pelvis) which is surrounded by the renal sinus

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12
Q

Ureter (structure)

A

Renal pelvis narrows into a small diameter tube (ureter)

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13
Q

Four basic components of a nephron

A

Renal corpuscle
Proximal convoluted tube
Loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule

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14
Q

Papillary duct

A

Near tip of renal papilla, several collecting ducts merge into a larger diameter tubule (papillary duct).

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15
Q

Parts in the cortex

A

Renal corpuscles
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule

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16
Q

Parts in the medulla

A

Collecting ducts
Parts of loops of henle
Papillary ducts

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17
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Renal corpuscles lie near medulla. They have long loops of henle

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18
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

Loops of Henle are shorter

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19
Q

What is in the renal corpuscle

A

Bowman capsule
Glomerulus

Filtration unit of nephron

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20
Q

Bowman capsule layers

A

Parietal layer
Visceral layer

  • visceral is made of podocytes
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21
Q

Podocytes

A

Wrap around glomerular capillaries

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22
Q

Filtration slits

A

Between the cell processes of podocytes that make up visceral layer of bowman capsule

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23
Q

Layers that make up filtration membrane

A

Capillary endothelium, basement membrane, podocytes

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24
Juxtaglomerular cells
Where afferent arterioles enters renal capsule (smooth muscle)
25
Macula densa
Specialized tubule cells
26
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Secretes renin. Important in filtrate formation and BP
27
Loop of henle
Continuation of the proximal convoluted tubule
28
Pathway of filtrate
``` Glomerulus Bowman capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct ```
29
Renal artery
Branches off the abdominal aorta and enters renal sinus
30
Segmental arteries
Diverge from renal artery to form inter lobar arteries
31
Vasa recta
Specialized peritubular capillaries
32
Filtration
Occurs when blood pressure nonselectivley forces water and other small molecules out of glomerular capillaries and into bowman capsule
33
Tubular reabsorption
Occurs when nephron specially returns water and some filtered substances to the blood
34
Tubular secretion
Occurs when the nephron cells transport solutes from the blood into the filtrate
35
Filtration pressure
Due to a pressure gradient in the renal corpuscle
36
Filtration pressure is due to three stiffener pressures
Glomerular capillary pressure Capsular hydrostatic pressure Blood colloid osmotic pressure
37
Glomerular capillary pressure GCP
Outward pressure from blood pressing on capillary walls (blood pressure)
38
Capsular hydrostatic pressure CHP
Inward pressure from the pressure of filtrate accumulation in the bowman capsule
39
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Inward pressure due to osmotic force of plasma proteins within the glomerular capillaries
40
Glomerular nephritis
Permeability of the filtration membrane increases, and more protein than normal enters the filtrate
41
Autoregulation
Maintenance of a very stable glomerular filtration rate
42
Tubular reabsorption
Return of water and solutes filtered from the blood at the renal corpuscle to the blood
43
Apical membrane
Separates the lumen of nephron from cytoplasm of epithelial cells
44
Urea
Protein breakdown product
45
Tubular secretion
The movement of nonfiltered substances, toxic by-products of metabolism, drugs and foreign molecules from blood to filtrate
46
Countercurrent mechanism
Parallel tubes ( loop of henle and Basra recta) in which fluid flows, but in opposite directions
47
Renin
Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
48
ACE | Angiotensinogen converting enzyme
Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
49
Angiotensin II
Potent vasoconstriction for one that increases peripheral resistance, causing blood pressure to increase
50
Angiotensin II also
Increases rate of aldosterone secretion, sensation of thirst, salt appetite, ADH secretion
51
Aldosterone
Steroid hormone secreted by cortical cells of adrenal glands. Travels to distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
52
What does aldosterone do
Increases Na + reabsorption
53
Antidiuretic hormone
Makes distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts permeable to water ( water reabsorption) From posterior pituitary
54
Diabetes insipidus
Insufficient ADH secretion
55
Diabetes mellitus
The production of a large volume of urine that contains a high concentration of glucose
56
Osmoreceptor cells
Stimulate ADH. Supra optic nuclei
57
Aquaporins
Water channel proteins that increase the apical membranes permeability to water
58
Atrial natriuretic hormone
Secreted from right atrium when blood volume increases. Inhibits Na+ reabsorption in the kidney tubules, inhibits ADH. Dilates vessels, decreases BP
59
Plasma clearance
Calculated value representing the volume of plasma that is cleared of a specific substance each minute
60
Tubular load
Total amount that passes through the filtration membrane into the nephron each minute
61
Tubular maximum
Maximum rate at which a substance can be actively reabsorbed
62
Trigone
Triangular area between uttered and urethra. Expands minimally during filling
63
Detrusor muscle
Contractions forces urine out of the urinary bladder
64
Internal urinary sphincter
Only in males. Keeps semen from entering urinary bladder
65
External urinary sphincter
Skeletal muscle. Valve that co trials the flow of urine through the urethra
66
Micrurition
Elimination of urine from the urinary bladder
67
Micturition reflex
Activated when urinary bladder is stretched.

Urinary (2 decks)

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