Chapters 1-3

Question 0

___ is often paraphrased as “the present is the key to the past”

Answer 0

Uniformitarianism

Question 1

The relatively stable interior portion of a continent is known as a

Answer 1

Craton

Question 2

___ was an important 18th century geologist and proponent of uniformitarianism

Answer 2

James Hutton

Question 3

The currently accepted age of the Earth is

Answer 3

4.6 billion years

Question 4

The asthenosphere is actually part of the ____ of the Earth.

Answer 4

Mantle

Question 5

The most prominent features on the ocean floor are the __

Answer 5

Oceanic ridges

Question 6

The ___ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics.

Answer 6

Lithosphere

Question 7

The __ proposes that the bodies of our solar system formed at essentially the same time from a rotating cloud of gases and dust.

Answer 7

Nebular hypothesis

Question 8

A ___ is a well tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations

Answer 8

Theory

Question 9

The composition of the core of Earth is thought to be ___

Answer 9

Solid iron-nickel alloy

Question 10

The continental shelf is located

Answer 10

Landward of the continental slope

Question 11

Active mountain belts are most likely to be found

Answer 11

Along the margins of continents

Question 12

Name three sources of evidence as to the composition of the earths interior

Answer 12

Diamond bearing rocks
Slivers of crustal and mantle rocks now exposed at earths surface
Meteorites

Question 13

The process by which rocks break down in place to produce soils and sediments

Answer 13

Weathering

Question 14

True or false: continental selfs and stable platforms are part of the interior region known as a craton

Answer 14

True

Question 15

True or false: internally the earth consists of spherically shells with different compositions and densities

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Much of our modeling of the earths interior comes from the study of seismic waves

Answer 16

True

Question 17

True or false. The asthenosphere is a relatively cool and rigid shell that overlies the lithosphere

Answer 17

False

Question 18

The former last Paleozoic super continent is known as

Answer 18

Pangaea

Question 19

The continental drift hypothesis was rejected primarily because Alfred Wagner could not___

Answer 19

Identify a mechanism capable of moving the continents

Question 20

Which of the following paleoclimatic evidence supports the idea of the late Paleozoic super continent in the Southern Hemisphere?

Answer 20

Tillites (rocks formed by glaciers) in South Africa and South America

Question 21

In the early part of the 20th century, ___ argued forcefully for continental drift

Answer 21

Alfred Wegener

Question 22

___ was a flora that was widely distributed throughout the once contiguous, late Paleozoic, Southern Hemisphere landmass?

Answer 22

Glossopteris

Question 23

True or false. A late Paleozoic glaciation affected southern India, southern Africa, and southeastern South America

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide

Answer 24

Calcite

Question 25

What best describes ferromagnesian silicates?

Answer 25

They are black to dark green, silicate minerals containing iron and magnesium

Question 26

How do electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding

Answer 26

They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral

Question 27

Which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms

Answer 27

Covalent

Question 28

The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surround by

Answer 28

4 oxygen atoms

Question 29

All silicate minerals contain which two elements?

Answer 29

Silicon, oxygen

Question 30

Which of the following describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral?

Answer 30

Luster

Question 31

What is the name given to an atom that gains or loses an electron in a chemical reaction

Answer 31

Ion

Question 32

``` Which of the following minerals is a silicate? Hematite Halite Calcite Muscovite ```

Answer 32

Muscovite

Question 33

Isotopes from the same element (atoms)

Answer 33

The atoms have different number if neutrons and the same number of protons

Question 34

What element is most abundant in the earths crust by weight?

Answer 34

Oxygen

Question 35

Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, for negative and positive ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges

Answer 35

Ionic bonding

Question 36

Hornblende and other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure

Answer 36

Double chains

Question 37

Clays are a typical product if what?

Answer 37

Weathering

Question 38

``` Which of the following will react readily with acids such as hydrochloric? Quartz Calcite Diamond Talc ```

Answer 38

Calcite

Question 39

Which group of minerals is most abundant in the earths crust?

Answer 39

Silicates

Question 40

The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as

Answer 40

Cleavage

Question 41

Which mineral is composed if silicon dioxide

Answer 41

Quartz