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Neuro II > Chapters 1-3 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Neuroscience:

A

study concerned with the development, chemistry, structure, function, and pathological characteristics of the nervous system

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2
Q

Planes of the nervous system

A

○ Sagittal (divides right and left hemispheres)
○ Horizontal (divides upper and lower halves)
○ Coronal (divides anterior and posterior portions)

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3
Q

Features of the PNS

A

■ NOT encased in bone
● Cranial N. and all nerves in limbs
■ May regenerate, usually at a rate of 1mm/day

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4
Q

Direction of afferent axons

A

carry info toward the CNS (sensory)

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5
Q

Direction of efferent axons

A

carry info away from the CNS (motor)

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6
Q

(PNS) Contained in somatic nervous system:

A

○ Axons, sensory endings, glial cells

○ Used for sensory and motor output

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7
Q

(PNS) Autonomic nervous system:

A

○ Has cells outside of brainstem and CNS that act as “mini brains”
■ process information at a faster rate
■ many are found around gut

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8
Q

PNS spinal anatomy

A

■ Housed within bone, connecting body and brain

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9
Q

Spinal anatomy

A

● Gray matter: nuclei of neurons, cell body and processing center
● White matter: myelin substance used to enhance transmission of signals

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10
Q

Sections within white matter

A

○ Dorsal Horn (sensory)
○ Anterior (motor)
○ Lateral (autonomic)

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11
Q

Two main functions of spinal nerves

A

● Convey information between neurons of periphery and the brain
● To process information (i.e. Reflexes)
○ reflexes are only processed in the spinal cord

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12
Q

Brainstem is comprised of:

A
  • Groups of neurons control equilibrium, cardiovascular activity, respiration
    Medulla
    Pons
    MIdbrain
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13
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

controls vitals

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14
Q

Pons

A

● bridge between spinal cord and brain that controls swallowing, bladder, taste, sleep, dreams

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15
Q

Midbrain

A

arousal, hearing , vision, temperature

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16
Q

Cerebellum “baby brain”

A

■ Separated by vermis
■ Connects to posterior brainstem by large fiber bundles called peduncles
■ Function→ Coordinates Movement
● involuntary and non cognitive

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17
Q

Cerebrum (a.k.a Diencephalon)

A

■ Controls ALL voluntary actions (central processing unit)

■ Consists of 4 structures

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18
Q

4 parts of the Cerebrum

A

● Thalamus
● Hypothalamus
● Epithalamus
● Subthalamus

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

processes emotional memory, regulates consciousness, arousal, and attention

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

body temp & metabolic rate

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21
Q

Epithalamus

A

○ Houses Pineal Gland

■ Sleep/wake cycle by releasing melatonin

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22
Q

Subthalamus

A

controls initiation of movement

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23
Q

Front lobe functions

A

■ -Voluntary movement
● - Precentral Gyrus is responsible for controlling all voluntary movement
○ - Injury to this area is commonly seen in patients with stroke
■ - Speech Production
● - Broca’s area
○ -When damaged, referred to as Broca’s/Expressive Aphasia
■ - Also involved with personality, reasoning, behavior, and temper

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24
Q

Parietal Lobe functions

A

■ - Sensory Perception
● - Blints Syndrome: functionally blind
○ - Can only perceive one object at a time and are unable to sense movement
■ - Language Interpretation
■ - Object Significance (provides meaning to words and objects)

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25
Temporal lobe functions
■ - Auditory and olfaction (hearing and smelling) ■ - Wernicke's Area ● - Pts do not understand language and are unable to produce speech ○ - Usually seen in patients with stroke
26
Occipital lobe functions
■ - Visual Processing | ● - Homonymous Hemianopia: visual deficit affecting the same side of each visual field
27
Limbic lobe functions
■ - Links emotions to smells, tastes, and memory
28
Insular lobe functions
■ - Diverse functions linked to emotion or the regulation of body's homeostasis (junk drawer)
29
Right Cerebral Hemisphere
● - Better at seeing the big picture (men use this side more)
30
Left Cerebral Hemisphere
● - Better at noticing details and focusing ● - Controls most of function in the general population (~80%) ● - Women usually use both the R. & L. Hemispheres
31
How many cranial nerves are there and which one is sensory?
- 12 pairs | ○ Olfactory nerves are only sensory (afferent)
32
Cerebrospinal Fluid System
○ Modified filtrate of plasma that circulates from the brain and to the surface of the CNS ■ Is reabsorbed into the venous blood system ○ Provides nutrients and protection by providing space for brain matter to go when there is swelling
33
the 4 ventricals for CFS within the brain
■ 2 lateral ventricles in cerebral hemisphere ■ Third ventricle located midline in the diencephalon ■ Fourth ventricle is located posterior to the pons and medulla. Anterior to cerebellum
34
What plexus secretes CFS
choroid plexus
35
Meninges
○ Dura (tough) Mater: outermost layer, lines periosteum ○ Arachnoid (spider web-like): Middle, surrounds brain ○ Pia (delicate) Mater: Innermost, covers brain and forms choroid plexus
36
Dural Spaces
○ Epidural: between skull and outer dura mater ○ Subdural: between dura and arachnoid meninges ○ Subarachnoid: between arachnoid and pia mater, contains CSF
37
Infectious Diseases
Encephalitis Meningitis Hydrocephalus
38
Encephalitis
○ inflammation caused by bacteria or virus ■ S/S: HA, stiff neck and back, fever, lethargy, confusion, coma ● When put into flexed position, headache pain increases ■ Maybe caused by mumps, rabies, EEE, polio, west nile, or lyme
39
Meningitis
○ inflammation of the meninges or coverings of brain and spinal cord ■ Acute meningitis is a medical emergency ■ S/S: fever, HA, vomiting, stiff painful neck, sensitivity to light ● Brudzinski's sign: flexion of head and neck facilitates hip and knee flexion ● Kernig's sign: pain with hip flexion and knee extension
40
Hydrocephalus
○ "water in the brain": increased CSF in ventricles ■ Associated with Spina Bifida, Cerebral Palsy, and meningitis ■ Alert medical personnel immediately if there are signs of hydrocephalus or a blocked shunt ● infants: bulging fontanels ● HA, vision changes, seizures, vomiting, incontinence, "sun setting sign"
41
Vascular Anatomy
○ 2 pairs of arteries supply blood to most of the cerebrum ■ 2 internal carotid arteries supply the ant., sup., and lateral hemispheres ■ 2 vertebral arteries supply the brainstem and cerebellum ● combine to form the Basilar Artery ○ Circle of Willis (back up system for blockage)
42
Cerebral Arteries
■ Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA): supplies frontal and parietal lobes ■ Medial Cerebral Artery (MCA): supplies deep areas of brain ■ Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA): supplies occipital and temporal lobes
43
Structure of Neurons
○ Mitochondria: energy production ○ Endoplasmic Reticulum: produces proteins to help repair cells ○ Lysosomes: breaks down waste ○ Golgi Bodies: packages and ships proteins
44
Components of Neurons
○ Soma: synthesizes proteins used as neurotransmitters ○ Dendrites: serve as main input sites for the cell ○ Axon: output unit of the cell, specialized to send info to other neurons ○ Presynaptic terminals: transmit elements of the neuron
45
Axoplasmic Transport
○ Mechanism for transporting substances along axon by flow of axoplasm ■ Anterograde/Retrograde: ● broken down neurotransmitters are sent back to be repaired or destroyed ○ Slows as a normal part of aging, but can also occur in neurodegenerative diseases ● Axoplasmic Transport ○ Mechanism for transporting substances along axon by flow of axoplasm Alztimers, Huntingtons, ALS
46
Anterograde
soma towards presynaptic terminal
47
Retrograde
synapse to soma
48
Electrical Potentials
○ difference in electrical charge carried by ions ■ rapid change across cell membrane that elicits release of chemical transmitters to other neurons or to muscle membranes
49
Action Potentials
○ Large depolarizing signals whose meanings are determined by the neural pathway ■ All-or-none: sufficient stimuli must be provided for an action to be produced
50
3 events produced in action potiental
■ Rapid depolarization (15 mV is typically sufficient to trigger AP) ■ Decrease in Na+ conduction ■ Rapid repolarization
51
Refractory period:
hyperpolarization when a membrane potential is even more negative than during resting
52
Propagation of Action Potentials (AP)
■ Faster action potentials are caused by increased diameter and myelination ● A delta: myelinated, moves as 250mph ● C fibers: unmyelinated, moves at 2mph
53
Myelination
■ sheath of proteins and fats surrounding axon | ● provides insulation, prevents current leakage, increases speed of AP
54
Nodes of Ranvier
● Small, unmyelinated patches specialized for conduction of electrical impulse ○ distributed every 1-2mm along axon ● action potential slows when passing over nodes of ranvier ○ Saltatory Conduction: quick node-to-node jumping down a myelinated axon
55
Direction of Flow
○ Afferent, Efferent, Interneurons ■ Interneurons: process information locally or convey information short distances ● largest class of neurons ● relays info back and forth
56
Interactions between neurons
○ Convergence: multiple inputs terminate on a single neuron | ○ Divergence: single neuron that send information to multiple cells
57
Glial Cells
● support network for neurons that also help to relay information ○ Microglia (little zombie spiders) ■ Function as phagocytes: dispose of debris ● Abnormal activation has been identified in Parkinsons, Alzheimers, and ALS ○ Causes cascade of cellular breakdown, releases toxic chemicals into the neural environment
58
Macroglia
■ Astrocytes (star-shaped) ● ONLY FOUND IN CNS ● Form barriers between capillaries and neurons ○ Transports nutrients to neurons and helps clean up brain debris
59
Oligodendrocyte
● Myelinated neurons in the CNS | ■ Cranial N. 1 and 2 are covered with oligodendrocytes so MS will affect them as well
60
Multiple Sclerosis
○ damage to myelin sheaths by antibodies produced in the immune system ■ typically occurs between 20-50yrs, more common in females ● usually begins with diplopia ■ Axons undergo retrograde degeneration ● demyelinated areas become filled with glial scars
61
Two most common types of MS
● Relapsing-remitting: relapses with full or close to full recovery ● Primary-progressive: consistent disease progression from onset ■ Tx is symptom dependent ■ PTA implications: know what triggers fatigue (varies with each patient), educate, focus on return to function
62
Schwann Cells
● Myelinate neurons in the PNS
63
Guillain Barre
○ destruction of the myelin sheaths surrounding most myelinated motor and sensory fibers ■ results in decreased proprioception and weakness ● temporary inflammation and demyelination ● autonomic response to an infection ■ significant muscle weakness moves distal to proximal ■ fully progresses by week 4, followed by static period for 2-4 weeks, then recovery
64
PTA implications for Guillain Barre
● Early phase- PROM and AAROM, positioning to avoid breakdown of tissue ● PNF, gait training, neuromuscular re-ed ● At discharge- home assessment, assistive device training
65
Presynaptic terminal
○ distal axial projection that releases chemicals into the synaptic cleft
66
Postsynaptic terminal
○ the receiving cell or membrane
67
Neurotransmitters
○ main mechanism of action for a drug affecting the nervous system ■ Agonist: binds to a receptor and mimics the effect of the neurotransmitter ■ Antagonist: binds to a receptor and impedes the flow of a neurotransmitter ● ex. botox, used to decrease spasticity
68
Acetylcholine (ACh)
○ PNS ■ creates fast actions in skeletal muscle system ■ creates slow effects in cardiac muscle ○ CNS ■ assists in control of movement ■ attention setting ○ ONLY NEUROTRANSMITTER USED IN MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
69
Dopamine
○ affects motor activity and cognition ○ associated with feelings of pleasure and reward ■ correlated with parkinson's and schizophrenia
70
Norepinephrine
○ increases awareness of sensation and environment ■ produces "fight, flight, freeze" stress response ■ implicated in panic disorders ■ increased synaptic response
71
Amino Acids
○ Glucamate: fast acting, excitatory in CNS ■ assists with learning and development ■ contributes to neuronal death after CNS injury ○ GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) ■ prevents excessive neural activity ■ decreased levels leads to seizure activity and increased spasticity ■ high tone is result of damaged GABA receptors
72
Serotonin
○ affects mood and pain perception | ■ low levels correlate with depression
73
Neuromodulators
● Act away from synaptic cleft | ● often work with neurotransmitter but at a slower and longer rate
74
Substance P
■ peptide that assists in transmitting pain perception ● stimulates nerve endings at site of injury ● sends signal for reception of pain ● serotonin can help to dampen substance P ○ Histamine
75
Myasthenia Gravis
○ Autoimmune disease ○ ACh receptors are destroyed ■ repetitive use of muscles leads to increased weakness ○ tx: removal of thymus, immunosuppressive drugs, plasmapheresis
76
Lambert-Eaton Disease
○ Autoimmune ○ Destruction of Ca+ channels ■ decreased release of neurotransmitters into cleft ● leads to muscle weakness ○ Typically seen in pts with small cell lung cancer ○ S/S: proximal weakness in LE ■ Pelvis and hip flexor

Neuro II (3 decks)

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