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Neuro II > Chapters 1-3 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Neuroscience:

A

study concerned with the development, chemistry, structure, function, and pathological characteristics of the nervous system

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2
Q

Planes of the nervous system

A

○ Sagittal (divides right and left hemispheres)
○ Horizontal (divides upper and lower halves)
○ Coronal (divides anterior and posterior portions)

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3
Q

Features of the PNS

A

■ NOT encased in bone
● Cranial N. and all nerves in limbs
■ May regenerate, usually at a rate of 1mm/day

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4
Q

Direction of afferent axons

A

carry info toward the CNS (sensory)

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5
Q

Direction of efferent axons

A

carry info away from the CNS (motor)

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6
Q

(PNS) Contained in somatic nervous system:

A

○ Axons, sensory endings, glial cells

○ Used for sensory and motor output

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7
Q

(PNS) Autonomic nervous system:

A

○ Has cells outside of brainstem and CNS that act as “mini brains”
■ process information at a faster rate
■ many are found around gut

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8
Q

PNS spinal anatomy

A

■ Housed within bone, connecting body and brain

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9
Q

Spinal anatomy

A

● Gray matter: nuclei of neurons, cell body and processing center
● White matter: myelin substance used to enhance transmission of signals

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10
Q

Sections within white matter

A

○ Dorsal Horn (sensory)
○ Anterior (motor)
○ Lateral (autonomic)

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11
Q

Two main functions of spinal nerves

A

● Convey information between neurons of periphery and the brain
● To process information (i.e. Reflexes)
○ reflexes are only processed in the spinal cord

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12
Q

Brainstem is comprised of:

A
  • Groups of neurons control equilibrium, cardiovascular activity, respiration
    Medulla
    Pons
    MIdbrain
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13
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

controls vitals

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14
Q

Pons

A

● bridge between spinal cord and brain that controls swallowing, bladder, taste, sleep, dreams

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15
Q

Midbrain

A

arousal, hearing , vision, temperature

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16
Q

Cerebellum “baby brain”

A

■ Separated by vermis
■ Connects to posterior brainstem by large fiber bundles called peduncles
■ Function→ Coordinates Movement
● involuntary and non cognitive

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17
Q

Cerebrum (a.k.a Diencephalon)

A

■ Controls ALL voluntary actions (central processing unit)

■ Consists of 4 structures

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18
Q

4 parts of the Cerebrum

A

● Thalamus
● Hypothalamus
● Epithalamus
● Subthalamus

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

processes emotional memory, regulates consciousness, arousal, and attention

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

body temp & metabolic rate

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21
Q

Epithalamus

A

○ Houses Pineal Gland

■ Sleep/wake cycle by releasing melatonin

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22
Q

Subthalamus

A

controls initiation of movement

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23
Q

Front lobe functions

A

■ -Voluntary movement
● - Precentral Gyrus is responsible for controlling all voluntary movement
○ - Injury to this area is commonly seen in patients with stroke
■ - Speech Production
● - Broca’s area
○ -When damaged, referred to as Broca’s/Expressive Aphasia
■ - Also involved with personality, reasoning, behavior, and temper

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24
Q

Parietal Lobe functions

A

■ - Sensory Perception
● - Blints Syndrome: functionally blind
○ - Can only perceive one object at a time and are unable to sense movement
■ - Language Interpretation
■ - Object Significance (provides meaning to words and objects)

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25
Q

Temporal lobe functions

A

■ - Auditory and olfaction (hearing and smelling)
■ - Wernicke’s Area
● - Pts do not understand language and are unable to produce speech
○ - Usually seen in patients with stroke

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26
Q

Occipital lobe functions

A

■ - Visual Processing

● - Homonymous Hemianopia: visual deficit affecting the same side of each visual field

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27
Q

Limbic lobe functions

A

■ - Links emotions to smells, tastes, and memory

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28
Q

Insular lobe functions

A

■ - Diverse functions linked to emotion or the regulation of body’s homeostasis (junk drawer)

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29
Q

Right Cerebral Hemisphere

A

● - Better at seeing the big picture (men use this side more)

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30
Q

Left Cerebral Hemisphere

A

● - Better at noticing details and focusing
● - Controls most of function in the general population (~80%)
● - Women usually use both the R. & L. Hemispheres

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31
Q

How many cranial nerves are there and which one is sensory?

A
  • 12 pairs

○ Olfactory nerves are only sensory (afferent)

32
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid System

A

○ Modified filtrate of plasma that circulates from the brain and to the surface of the CNS
■ Is reabsorbed into the venous blood system
○ Provides nutrients and protection by providing space for brain matter to go when there is swelling

33
Q

the 4 ventricals for CFS within the brain

A

■ 2 lateral ventricles in cerebral hemisphere
■ Third ventricle located midline in the diencephalon
■ Fourth ventricle is located posterior to the pons and medulla. Anterior to cerebellum

34
Q

What plexus secretes CFS

A

choroid plexus

35
Q

Meninges

A

○ Dura (tough) Mater: outermost layer, lines periosteum
○ Arachnoid (spider web-like): Middle, surrounds brain
○ Pia (delicate) Mater: Innermost, covers brain and forms choroid plexus

36
Q

Dural Spaces

A

○ Epidural: between skull and outer dura mater
○ Subdural: between dura and arachnoid meninges
○ Subarachnoid: between arachnoid and pia mater, contains CSF

37
Q

Infectious Diseases

A

Encephalitis
Meningitis
Hydrocephalus

38
Q

Encephalitis

A

○ inflammation caused by bacteria or virus
■ S/S: HA, stiff neck and back, fever, lethargy, confusion, coma
● When put into flexed position, headache pain increases
■ Maybe caused by mumps, rabies, EEE, polio, west nile, or lyme

39
Q

Meningitis

A

○ inflammation of the meninges or coverings of brain and spinal cord
■ Acute meningitis is a medical emergency
■ S/S: fever, HA, vomiting, stiff painful neck, sensitivity to light
● Brudzinski’s sign: flexion of head and neck facilitates hip and knee flexion
● Kernig’s sign: pain with hip flexion and knee extension

40
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

○ “water in the brain”: increased CSF in ventricles
■ Associated with Spina Bifida, Cerebral Palsy, and meningitis
■ Alert medical personnel immediately if there are signs of hydrocephalus or a blocked shunt
● infants: bulging fontanels
● HA, vision changes, seizures, vomiting, incontinence, “sun setting sign”

41
Q

Vascular Anatomy

A

○ 2 pairs of arteries supply blood to most of the cerebrum
■ 2 internal carotid arteries supply the ant., sup., and lateral hemispheres
■ 2 vertebral arteries supply the brainstem and cerebellum
● combine to form the Basilar Artery
○ Circle of Willis (back up system for blockage)

42
Q

Cerebral Arteries

A

■ Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA): supplies frontal and parietal lobes
■ Medial Cerebral Artery (MCA): supplies deep areas of brain
■ Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA): supplies occipital and temporal lobes

43
Q

Structure of Neurons

A

○ Mitochondria: energy production
○ Endoplasmic Reticulum: produces proteins to help repair cells
○ Lysosomes: breaks down waste
○ Golgi Bodies: packages and ships proteins

44
Q

Components of Neurons

A

○ Soma: synthesizes proteins used as neurotransmitters
○ Dendrites: serve as main input sites for the cell
○ Axon: output unit of the cell, specialized to send info to other neurons
○ Presynaptic terminals: transmit elements of the neuron

45
Q

Axoplasmic Transport

A

○ Mechanism for transporting substances along axon by flow of axoplasm
■ Anterograde/Retrograde:
● broken down neurotransmitters are sent back to be repaired or destroyed
○ Slows as a normal part of aging, but can also occur in neurodegenerative diseases
● Axoplasmic Transport
○ Mechanism for transporting substances along axon by flow of axoplasm
Alztimers, Huntingtons, ALS

46
Q

Anterograde

A

soma towards presynaptic terminal

47
Q

Retrograde

A

synapse to soma

48
Q

Electrical Potentials

A

○ difference in electrical charge carried by ions
■ rapid change across cell membrane that elicits release of chemical transmitters to other neurons or to muscle membranes

49
Q

Action Potentials

A

○ Large depolarizing signals whose meanings are determined by the neural pathway
■ All-or-none: sufficient stimuli must be provided for an action to be produced

50
Q

3 events produced in action potiental

A

■ Rapid depolarization (15 mV is typically sufficient to trigger AP)
■ Decrease in Na+ conduction
■ Rapid repolarization

51
Q

Refractory period:

A

hyperpolarization when a membrane potential is even more negative than during resting

52
Q

Propagation of Action Potentials (AP)

A

■ Faster action potentials are caused by increased diameter and myelination
● A delta: myelinated, moves as 250mph
● C fibers: unmyelinated, moves at 2mph

53
Q

Myelination

A

■ sheath of proteins and fats surrounding axon

● provides insulation, prevents current leakage, increases speed of AP

54
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

● Small, unmyelinated patches specialized for conduction of electrical impulse
○ distributed every 1-2mm along axon
● action potential slows when passing over nodes of ranvier
○ Saltatory Conduction: quick node-to-node jumping down a myelinated axon

55
Q

Direction of Flow

A

○ Afferent, Efferent, Interneurons
■ Interneurons: process information locally or convey information short distances
● largest class of neurons
● relays info back and forth

56
Q

Interactions between neurons

A

○ Convergence: multiple inputs terminate on a single neuron

○ Divergence: single neuron that send information to multiple cells

57
Q

Glial Cells

A

● support network for neurons that also help to relay information
○ Microglia (little zombie spiders)
■ Function as phagocytes: dispose of debris
● Abnormal activation has been identified in Parkinsons, Alzheimers, and ALS
○ Causes cascade of cellular breakdown, releases toxic chemicals into the neural environment

58
Q

Macroglia

A

■ Astrocytes (star-shaped)
● ONLY FOUND IN CNS
● Form barriers between capillaries and neurons
○ Transports nutrients to neurons and helps clean up brain debris

59
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

● Myelinated neurons in the CNS

■ Cranial N. 1 and 2 are covered with oligodendrocytes so MS will affect them as well

60
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

○ damage to myelin sheaths by antibodies produced in the immune system
■ typically occurs between 20-50yrs, more common in females
● usually begins with diplopia
■ Axons undergo retrograde degeneration
● demyelinated areas become filled with glial scars

61
Q

Two most common types of MS

A

● Relapsing-remitting: relapses with full or close to full recovery
● Primary-progressive: consistent disease progression from onset
■ Tx is symptom dependent
■ PTA implications: know what triggers fatigue (varies with each patient), educate, focus on return to function

62
Q

Schwann Cells

A

● Myelinate neurons in the PNS

63
Q

Guillain Barre

A

○ destruction of the myelin sheaths surrounding most myelinated motor and sensory fibers
■ results in decreased proprioception and weakness
● temporary inflammation and demyelination
● autonomic response to an infection
■ significant muscle weakness moves distal to proximal
■ fully progresses by week 4, followed by static period for 2-4 weeks, then recovery

64
Q

PTA implications for Guillain Barre

A

● Early phase- PROM and AAROM, positioning to avoid breakdown of tissue
● PNF, gait training, neuromuscular re-ed
● At discharge- home assessment, assistive device training

65
Q

Presynaptic terminal

A

○ distal axial projection that releases chemicals into the synaptic cleft

66
Q

Postsynaptic terminal

A

○ the receiving cell or membrane

67
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

○ main mechanism of action for a drug affecting the nervous system
■ Agonist: binds to a receptor and mimics the effect of the neurotransmitter
■ Antagonist: binds to a receptor and impedes the flow of a neurotransmitter
● ex. botox, used to decrease spasticity

68
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

○ PNS
■ creates fast actions in skeletal muscle system
■ creates slow effects in cardiac muscle
○ CNS
■ assists in control of movement
■ attention setting
○ ONLY NEUROTRANSMITTER USED IN MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

69
Q

Dopamine

A

○ affects motor activity and cognition
○ associated with feelings of pleasure and reward
■ correlated with parkinson’s and schizophrenia

70
Q

Norepinephrine

A

○ increases awareness of sensation and environment
■ produces “fight, flight, freeze” stress response
■ implicated in panic disorders
■ increased synaptic response

71
Q

Amino Acids

A

○ Glucamate: fast acting, excitatory in CNS
■ assists with learning and development
■ contributes to neuronal death after CNS injury
○ GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)
■ prevents excessive neural activity
■ decreased levels leads to seizure activity and increased spasticity
■ high tone is result of damaged GABA receptors

72
Q

Serotonin

A

○ affects mood and pain perception

■ low levels correlate with depression

73
Q

Neuromodulators

A

● Act away from synaptic cleft

● often work with neurotransmitter but at a slower and longer rate

74
Q

Substance P

A

■ peptide that assists in transmitting pain perception
● stimulates nerve endings at site of injury
● sends signal for reception of pain
● serotonin can help to dampen substance P
○ Histamine

75
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

○ Autoimmune disease
○ ACh receptors are destroyed
■ repetitive use of muscles leads to increased weakness
○ tx: removal of thymus, immunosuppressive drugs, plasmapheresis

76
Q

Lambert-Eaton Disease

A

○ Autoimmune
○ Destruction of Ca+ channels
■ decreased release of neurotransmitters into cleft
● leads to muscle weakness
○ Typically seen in pts with small cell lung cancer
○ S/S: proximal weakness in LE
■ Pelvis and hip flexor

Neuro II (3 decks)

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