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Neuro II > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

what age does MS occur between

A

20-50 years

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2
Q

what population is MS most popular in

A
  • females

- northern climates

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3
Q

what disease may be a cause of MS

A

Epstein-Barr virus (mono)

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4
Q

what cells attack the myelin sheath in MS

A

T-lymphocytes

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5
Q

what type of cells are affected in MS

A

oilgodendrocytes

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6
Q

what happens to demyelinated areas in MS

A
  • fibrous astrocytes result in glial scars

- axons will undergo retrograde degeneration

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7
Q

Which cranial nerves are affected in MS

A

Optic nerve (I)/Olfactory nerve (2)

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8
Q

what is the biggest PT implication in MS

A
  • fatigue (60-75%)

- heat sensitivity

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9
Q

symptoms in MS

A
  • immune suppression
  • bladder dysfunction
  • depression
  • dizziness/vertigo
  • spasticity
  • pain
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10
Q

what is the best way to decrease spasticity in MS

A

slow stretching

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11
Q

most common types of MS

A
  • relapsing-remiting (comes in waves)

- primary-progressive (consistent decline)

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12
Q

how is MS diagnosed

A
  • MRI (for glia scarring)

- CSF (elevated immunoglobulins)

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13
Q

Prognosis in MS

A
  • Most cases life expectancy not reduced

- varying degree of activity/participation restrictions

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14
Q

MS signs in PT

A
  • Ataxic gait
  • Colonis (besting of foot when stretched)
  • Babinski (toes extension)
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15
Q

PT interventions in MS

A
  • continue function
  • education
  • know triggers for fatigue
  • is there heat sensitivity
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16
Q

define neuroplasticty

A

the ability of neurons to change their function, chemical profile (amount and types of neurotransmitters produced), or structure

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17
Q

general terms used to encompass the following mechanisms

A
  1. habituation
  2. experience-dependent plasticity (learning/memory)
  3. Cellular recovery
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18
Q

what is habituation

A

decrease in response to a repeated, benign stimulus

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19
Q

When would we use habituation in PT TX

A

CRPS (complex regional pain syndrome)

= causing stimulus in distal extremities from light to heavy

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20
Q

learning and memory

A

persistent and long lasting changes in strength of synapses between neurons and in neural networks

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21
Q

the long term potential in learning and memory

A

-strengthening of synapses between neurons equal the formation of memory

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22
Q

what part of the brain contributes to long term memory

A

hippo campus (temporal lobe)

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23
Q

what part of the brain contributes to short term memory

A

limbic

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24
Q

axons severance in post trauma cellular recovery

A
  • occurs in PNS

- from accident w/ sharp object/sudden forceful stretch

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25
what occurs after axon severance
- axon end seeks out other neuron - axon grows 1mm a day - can't regenerate if gap is to big - microgaila cells "clean up" area
26
sprouting in post trauma cellular recovery
1. collateral - dendrites of neighboring neurons reinervate a denervated area 2. regenerative - injured axon sends side sprouts to new area
27
where does sprouting occur and at what rate
- occurs in PNS | - 1mm per day (1" per month)
28
what is the functional reorganization of the cortex
cortical maps that are modified by sensory input
29
example of a cortical map
- person that learns an instrument | - enlarges map due to movement of fingers
30
effects of rehab on plasticity
- Constraint = induced therapy` | - Counterproductive = if used to early, or to aggressively
31
somatosensation
sensory info form skin and musculoskeletal system
32
what type of sensory info is received through skin
- cutaneous stimulation - touch (superficial/vibration) - pain - temperature
33
what is musculoskeletal sensory information
- proprioception | - pain (noxious stimulus; tissue destroying stimuli)
34
Proprioception is
- awareness in space (position in space) - muscle/tendon stretch - deep vibration - static joint position - kinesthetic sense (moving)
35
somatosensory pathway
- peripheral receptors receive information - this input turns into a receptor potential - if there is enough stimulus it generates an action potential - info passes from peripheral axon to a body in the dorsal root (afferent input)
36
difference between sensory info and sensation
- sensory = objective info | - sensation = awareness of the stimuli
37
perception
"interpretation of sensation into meaningful forms" - occurs in cerebrum - involves all senses
38
where are sensory receptors located
in peripheral neurons
39
what are the specialized receptors
- mechanoreceptors - chemoreceptors - thermoreceptors - nocicoeptors
40
Mechanoreceptors
respond to mechanical force; such as touch, pressure, stretch, or vibration
41
Chemoreceptors
response to chemical substances
42
thermoreceptors
respond to hot and cold
43
nocicoeptors
respond to pressure/stimuli that is interpreted as pain
44
what are the two sensory receptors
- tonic receptors | - phasic receptors
45
tonic receptors
response with continued stimulus | "elbow is bent"
46
phasic receptors
adapt to stimulus and decrease response - habitual "sunglasses on head" - Ex: touch, odor, temp
47
cutaneous innervation, receptive field
surface area innervated by a single neuron | smaller distally, larger proximally
48
cutaneous innervation consists of what two types pf touch?
- fine | - course
49
fine touch
these receptors have small fields so they can receive and process closely spaced stimuli Ex: fingers on brail
50
superficial fine touch
- Meissner's = light touch, vibration - Merkel's = pressure - Hair follicle receptors = displacement of hair
51
subcutaneous fine touch
Pacinian corpuscles = touch, vibration | Ruffini's corpuscles = stretch
52
course touch
-Received by free nerve endings -Receive crude/rough touch Ex; tickling and itching
53
nociceptors in course touch
- C fibers - free nerve endings - response to stimuli from damaged tissue - usually received as pain
54
muscle receptors
- info from joint, muscle and tendons | - sensory endings respond to changes on muscle length and the speed of the changes in length
55
muscloskeletal innervation
- not in muscle body - tendon tension signaled by Golgi tendon organs - sensitive to active and passive tendon changes
56
sensory info travels to the brain via which 3 pathways
- conscious pathway - divergent pathway - unconscious pathway
57
conscious pathway (relay)
- direct somatic (cold/sharp/smooth) - Dtouch in propioception - Dtemperature in pain
58
Dtouch in conscious relay
travels to dorsal column to thalamus to parietal
59
Dtempature in conscious relay
pain travels in anterolateral tracts to cortex
60
divergent pathways
sends info to many locations in brainstem and cerebrum (memory/emotion_) Ex: aching pain
61
unconscious pathways
- unconscious movement information | - allows body to automatically adjust to sensed changes in proprioception
62
tract
- bundles of axons with same origin and end point | - most composed of white matter, for greater conductivity
63
what pathways reach the brain through somaticsensation
- dorsal columns - anterolateral tracts * both pathways send info to thalamus then to cortex
64
dorsal columns
Dtouch and proprioception (conscious)
65
anterolateral tracts
Dtemperature and pain

Neuro II (3 decks)

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