Chapters 1-3

Question 1

Conservative Republicans

Answer 1

• During the years of reconstruction once slavery had ended, republicans divided into 3 categories
• believed the south must accept abolition

Question 2

Radical Republicans

Answer 2

• Led by Charles Summer and Thaddeus Stephens
• Believed the south should be punished and taxed because they started the war.
• Confederates shouldn’t be allowed to vote
• Freedmen should be given jobs and government positions

Question 3

Moderate Republicans

Answer 3

•Did not believe in punishing the South but agreed that Freedmen should be given land

Question 4

Lincolns 10% Plan

Answer 4

• lincolns blueprint for reconstruction included this plan which specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the union once 10% of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the union.

Question 5

Wade - Davis Bill

Answer 5

• in 1864 Senator Wade and Representative Davis required that 50% of a states white males take a loyalty oath to be readmitted to the union. It also required that states give blacks the right to vote

Question 6

Andrew Johnson

Answer 6

• became president after the assassination of Lincoln.

Question 7

Black Codes

Answer 7

• these laws were passed by southern states in 1865 and 1866. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans freedom and compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.

Question 8

Joint Committee on Reconstruction

Answer 8

•this congressional committee played a major role in reconstruction in the wake of the civil war

Question 9

14th Amendment

Answer 9

•passed in 1868 and granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US which included former slaves recently freed.

Question 10

15th Amendment

Answer 10

• passed on 1870 and it gave the right to citizens that their right to vote shall not be denied because of race, color, or precious condition of servitude

Question 11

Radical Reconstruction

Answer 11

•the 1866 congressional elections turned on the issue of reconstruction which provided the radical republicans with enough control over congress to override Johnson’s vetoes and commence their own form of reconstruction.

Question 12

Tenure of Office Act

Answer 12

• became a federal law in 1867 that intended to restrict the power of the President to remove certain office holders without the approval of the senate.
• passed in order to prevent Andrew Johnson from firing certain cabinet members

Question 13

Command of the Army Act

Answer 13

• this act required Johnson to issue all military orders though the general of the arm instead of directly dealing with military governors in the south

Question 14

Scalawags

Answer 14

• white southerners who collaborated with northern Republicans during reconstruction for personal profit.

Question 15

Carpetbaggers

Answer 15

• political candidates who sought election in an areas where they have no local connections.
• traveled to the south after the civil war to profit from the reconstruction

Question 16

Sharecropping

Answer 16

• form of agriculture in which a landowner allows former slaves to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land.

Question 17

Ulysses S. Grant

Answer 17

• Worked as a bagger in the grocery store but made a name for himself throughout the civil war
• Had zero political experience but won the election of 1868 by a landslide.
• wasn’t a very good president because he surrounded himself with political people rather than who might be better qualified and created lots of scandals.

Question 18

Panic of 1873

Answer 18

• similar to the house flipping and then market crash of 2007

Question 19

Social Darwinism

Answer 19

• this was the idea could ed around the time of Carnegie which stated that only the fittest survived on society. Only the fittest can survive the market or you should fall.
• during this time Carnegie and Rockefeller became the greatest rivals.

Question 20

Compromise of 1877

Answer 20

• during the election of 1877, the Florida and South Carolina votes were so close they could not decide who won. The electoral commission met and decided upon the compromise of 1877 which ultimately decided these two states went to the republicans, therefore Rutherford Hayes won the election.

Question 21

Atlanta Compromise

Answer 21

• led by Booker T Washington to push for the ride of the middle class. Washington was a former but well educated slave. Stated that freedmen need to learn skills to create their own businesses instead of expecting immediate equality.
• agreement was struck in 1895 to propose that African Americans spend more time participating in the economic development of the New South in order to eventually gain citizenship

Question 22

Plessy v Ferguson

Answer 22

• this case occurred in New Orleans in 1896 when Plessy intentionally sat in the white section of the train car when he had 1/16 of black on his ethnicity, classifying him as black. He did this in order to get arrested so he could fight segregation.
• stated that if you had to tell someone you were black it was unfair because nobody would have ever known
• created the separate but equal doctrine

Question 23

Literacy Tests

Answer 23

• African Americans had to prove they passed 5th grade or they were given a literacy test that they had to complete and pass with 100% in 10 minutes or they weren’t allowed to vote.

Question 24

Coolies

Answer 24

• Chinese indentured servants

* they are not considered slaves but rather are individuals who are working off a debt by contract

Question 25

Chinese Expulsion Act

Answer 25

* prohibited the immigration of Chinese workers and those who were already in the US were no longer citizens. * passed in 1882, renewed in 1892, became permanent in 1902, and was repealed in 1943

Question 26

Transcontinental Railroad

Answer 26

• Abraham Lincoln signed it into law in 1862 and it made it possible for someone to travel from New York to the West by Railroad.

Question 27

Homestead Act

Answer 27

* passed in 1862 and allowed for 160 acres of land to be purchased for around $600. You had to live on the land for 5 years and make improvements. * it wasn't enough land for the type of farming needed but it opened the door for people to move to the West

Question 28

Turner's Frontier thesis

Answer 28

• in 1893 Frederick Turner argued that American democracy was formed by the American frontier. He stressed that the expansion was the most important factor in American history.

Question 29

Slaughter of Buffalo

Answer 29

• By 1875 the southern herd was almost extinct and the northern herd was close to extinction. The government almost allowed the extinction of buffalo by allowing Americans to purchase train tickets for an increased price so they could shoot buffalo from the train.

Question 30

Little Bighorn

Answer 30

* the Su left their reservations and traveled to Little Bighorn to concentrate their forces. * Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull led these forces to defeat George Custer and the 7th Calvary as they outnumbered in forces 2500 to 260.

Question 31

Nez Pearce Incident

Answer 31

• Chief Joseph was reluctant to go onto the reservation. Nez Perce killed 4 white settlers so the government sent troops to retaliate. In turn they ran over 1300 miles away from the government.

Question 32

Wounded knee

Answer 32

* on December 29th 1890, a group of Su's were escorted back to their reservation. The Su's participated in Ghost Dances which scared the government. * nobody knows who started it but a rifle went off and it became a slaughter. 40 American soldiers and over 200 Su's were killed. * The soldiers were armed with heavy artillery which allowed them to wipe out the native Americans and force the rest to be under the thumb of the government.

Question 33

Dawes Act

Answer 33

* passed before Wounded Knee occurred and was intended for Native Americans to become more civilized and own farm land and abandon their own practices. * those who agreed received a certain amount of land: 160 acres for adults, 80 acres to single people, and an additional 40 acres for each child. * if you agreed to take the land you were given US citizenship. Received the title after 25 years of living on it and making improvements.

Question 34

Bessemer Process

Answer 34

• around the 1850's Henry Bessemer figured out how to turn iron into steel for very cheap.

Question 35

Assembly line

Answer 35

* the car industry began in Europe but took off in the US. * cars were seen as a luxury item for the rich but Henry Ford saw them as an opportunity for everyone. * in 1905 he created the first assembly line for car production

Question 36

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Answer 36

* he believed that workers and processes should be divided up and workers should be interchangeable. * coined the term scientific management which believed in an increase in speed, decrease in cost, and decrease the need for highly skilled workers.

Question 37

Horizontal Integration

Answer 37

* around the time of the development of the main industries, two types of Integration were created. * similar to monopoly where you can buy all the places around you that are the exact same business as your business

Question 38

Vertical Integration

Answer 38

• allows a person to buy all the manufacturing companies that would provide for your main business

Question 39

Andrew Carnegie

Answer 39

* moved to the US when he was 13 and worked as a bobbin-boy * his work ethic allowed him to help build a bridge for trains to cross the mississippi which was considered uncrossable. * by 1872 he sees that steel is going to be the future for America. Built the largest steel mill of the world in Pittsburgh and controlled all steel production in the country

Question 40

John D Rockefeller

Answer 40

* considered to be the Carnegie of Oil. * would buy out competitors refineries and wares houses and railroad companies would give him cheap rates to ship his goods * recognized that Kerosene became the top use for lamps in houses. It was clean and affordable but dangerous. Rockefeller began to support research on combustible energy.

Question 41

JP Morgan

Answer 41

• allowed corporate mergers in 1889 so industries could consolidate in order to squash competitors. • bought out small steel Companies and eventually convinced Carnegie to sell his steel company for 400 million. • created US steel

Question 42

Gospel of Wealth

Answer 42

• Carnegie believed that it was the wealthy' responsibility to provide help to those in need and use their riches to advance society. Anything in access should be used to help society.

Question 43

Industrial Workers

Answer 43

* factory work grew and immigrants from Mexico, Asia, Canada, and Eastern Europe began working in those large industries. * worked 10 hour days, 6 days a week for around $400-500 a year. Steel mill workers worked 12 hour days, 7 days a week * received no workers comp, no employment benefits, no vacation, and could be fired without warning * child labor laws came into effect. Had to be over 12 and could only work a max of 10 hours a day

Question 44

Molly Maguires

Answer 44

•shortly before the great railroad strike, militant labor unions that operated out of Pa were called Molly Maguires. They used violence to intimidate their managers or owners which gave them a bad reputation.

Question 45

Great Railroad Strike

Answer 45

* strike began once there was a 10% wage cut for all workers. * became the first national labor strike and demonstrated how dangerous labor strikes could be against the economy. * there was resentment between workers and employers and the public blamed the workers for the stop in production

Question 46

Knights of Labor

Answer 46

* anyone could join this labor union except for bankers, lawyers, and liquor dealers. * claimed to have over 10,000 members by 1886 * only the radical members strikes constantly

Question 47

American Federation of Labor

Answer 47

* Samuel Gompers led the labor union but was hostel to women because it was believed that women working in factories drove down salary costs for men but he still believed in equal pay * worked to shorten work day to 8 hours instead of 10 and 12

Question 48

Pullman Strike

Answer 48

* George Pullman payed railroads to pull his sleeping cars. * believed that all of his workers were his children but cut their wages by 25% without reducing housing rent. * Eugene Debs led the nationwide railroad strike which continued for about 6 months where all transportation ceased. * demonstrated that the government would always intervene in behalf of the big businesses rather than the individual workers.