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Chapters 1-3: Colonization of the New World Flashcards

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1
Q

What did movement away from feudalistic societies provide?

A

Unity, power, and resources to explore new lands, conquer existing civilizations, and colonize the land

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2
Q

When did Charles II ascend the throne?

A

1660

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3
Q

What did the restoration of Charles II lead to?

A

England began colonization efforts after a hiatus during Cromwell’s reign.

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4
Q

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

A

Sponsored voyages that sent Portuguese explorers down the west coast of Africa towards the East

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5
Q

Who was Vasco de Gama?

A

The first person to reach India by Prince Henry the Navigator’s water route in 1498

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6
Q

How many languages were spoken in North America?

A

over 200

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7
Q

How many tribes were in North America?

A

over 500

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8
Q

What was the Colombian Exchange?

A

The transfer of animals, plants, people, culture, and diseases
Apple Cider

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9
Q

What did Europe receive from the New World?

A

Syphilis, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco

Say, can potatoes take trains?

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10
Q

What did the New World receive from Europe?

A

Horses, cattle, wheat, rice
Smallpox, measles, cholera
Horrible Cacti Will Rot
Spiders Marinate CDs

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11
Q

What and when was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

A

1494

The Pope divided the New World in-between Spain and Portugal

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12
Q

What happened to the Spanish Armada?

How did this affect England and Spain?

A

1588 - Phillip II of Spain invaded England to defeat Protestantism
Faster, Smaller, more Maneuverable English Ships overwhelmed the Spanish
Weakened imperial aspirations of Spain
Marked the beginning of England’s dominance of the oceans - led to colonization

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13
Q

What was the Black Legend?

What was something good that the Spanish did?

A

Spaniards only tortured and butchered Native Americans, stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left misery behind.
Created culture of mestizos - laws, religion, and language have lasted

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14
Q

What was the encomienda system?

A

Grant from the Spanish crown for control over the natives. Spanish landowner was entitled to tribute from the natives in gold, crops, or labor.
NOT SLAVERY

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15
Q

Who was Juan de Sepulveda and Bartolome de las Casas?

What impact did they have on colonization?

A

1550 - debate over whether or not natives had souls

Las Casas persuaded King Charles V to uphold laws that attempted to reform the encomienda system

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16
Q

Who was Onate and what role did he play in the Acoma Rebellion?

A

1598 - Onate wanted to conquer New Mexico for Spain and grant encomiendas to his followers.
The Acoma Pueblo rebelled, so he cut off the right foot of every man.

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17
Q

Who was Popé and what role did he play in the Pueblo Rebellion?

A

1680
New Mexican Pueblo Indian who led a rebellion against Spanish rule
Killed 400 Spaniards, destroyed mission churches
By 1696, Spain regained control of the area

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18
Q

What was the Virginia Company?

A

A joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I of England for a settlement in the New World.
The Charter granted settlers that same rights as home (cornerstone of American liberties).

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19
Q

What is a joint-stock company and what was the significance of these companies?

A

Allowed investors to pool their capital
Sent people to the New World
Put a lot of pressure on people to raise money in the New World or else they would be liquidated for profit and abandoned

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20
Q

What is a proprietary colony?

A

A colony that belongs to an owner, usually a royal grant

Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania

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21
Q

What is a royal colony?

A

Colonies under direct control of the king

Had a governor and a governor’s council

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22
Q

Who was John Rolfe?

What impact did he have on Virginia?

A

English settler at Jamestown that married Pocahontas
Imported to Virginia a new variety of tobacco, more palatable to European tastes
Made Virginia a valuable export and an economically viable colony

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23
Q

Who was Lord Baltimore?

A

Founder of Maryland in 1634

Motives: financial profit, a refuge for Catholics (England was Protestant)

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24
Q

What was the Act for Religious Toleration?

Who drafted it?

A

1649 - religious tension between Catholics and Protestants in Maryland
Lord Baltimore drafted it

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25
Who was Walter Raleigh?
Organized the North Carolina Roanoke Colony Landed in 1585 Disappeared by 1591 He introduced tobacco and potato to Europe Favorite of Queen Elizabeth I
26
Who was James Oglethorpe?
Founder of Georgia in 1733 | Interested in prison reform and wanted to create a haven for indebted people
27
What purposes did Georgia serve?
Haven for people imprisoned for debt | Buffer between Spanish and Carolinas
28
Who was John Smith?
Saved Virginia from collapse by his leadership and resourcefulness Took over in 1608 and made people work on food and not gold mining
29
Explain Spanish settlement patterns.
Wanted to: extract wealth from land subjugate natives (encomienda) convert natives to Christianity
30
Explain French and Dutch settlement patterns.
Relatively few Europeans Relied on trade and intermarrying Built diplomatic and economic relationships
31
Explain English settlement patterns.
``` Large amount of male and female migrants Wanted: social mobility economic prosperity religious freedom improved living conditions SERI Focused on agriculture and lived separately from the natives ```
32
Describe the Protestant Reformation.
1517 - Martin Luther nailed protests to Catholic doctrines | Led to religious conflict, missionary zeal, and development of Puritanism
33
Who was John Calvin?
Protestant theologian predestination and the elect FOUNDATION OF PURITANISM
34
Describe the Protestant Ethic.
Puritans were called to do God's work on Earth. Commitment to work and world affairs
35
Who were the Pilgrims?
Separatists Negotiated with the Virginia Company, missed their destination Landed in 1620 after establishing Mayflower Compact
36
What was the Mayflower Compact?
Agreement on the Mayflower to form a government body and submit to the will of the majority
37
Who were the Puritans? | What did they form?
Separate from impurities of the Church of England or Anglican church Formed Massachusetts Bay Company - 1630 - started colonizing Mass. and West Indies
38
Who was Roger Williams? | Which colony did he found?
Extreme Separatist Criticized Puritan leaders of Massachusetts Bay Colony, denying the authority of government to regulate religion and condemning the expropriation of land from the natives without fair compensation Founded Rhode Island in 1636 - adopted policies of separation of church and state and religious toleration
39
Who was Anne Hutchinson?
Extreme Puritan antinomianism - don't need to follow God's rules Banished from the Bay Colony and moved to Rhode Island
40
Who was William Bradford?
Sailed to America on the Mayflower and landed in 1620 Was governor of Plymouth Colony and was reelected 33 times Was worried that non-Puritan settlements would corrupt them
41
Who was John Winthrop?
Governor of Massachusetts Wanted a covenant with God "city on a hill"
42
What were the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?
1639 - first written constitution in North America Democratic system where voters elected a governor and legislature Did not limit voting to church members
43
Describe New Haven.
1638 Wanted to be governed strictly by biblical law Became part of Connecticut in 1665
44
Describe Maine.
1623 - founded by Fernando Gorges of England | 1677 - Massachusetts purchased land from Gorges' heirs
45
Describe New Hampshire.
Populated by people who left Massachusetts for political reasons 1641 - absorbed by Massachusetts 1679 - became a separate royal colony
46
What was the New England Confederation?
1643 Alliance between Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven Common defense against French, Dutch, and Indians ***Was the first alliance between American colonies - possibility of working together
47
What was King Philip's War?
1675-1676 Indian leader Metacom (known as King Philip) struck back at whites for intruding on land in New England. Destroyed towns and killed 5% of white settlers. Was a devastating defeat to Native Americans actually.
48
When was Charles I beheaded? | What system of government was put into place after his death?
1649 | A republic
49
When was Charles II restored?
1660
50
What was the effect of the Restoration in 1660?
Charles II was determined to reassert royal control over the American Colonies, ending salutary neglect
51
What did the Dominion of New England do?
``` 1686-1689 King James II wanted control over colonies Stricter enforcement of Navigation Acts Strengthen colonial defenses against French and Indians Under Governor Andros, the British: limited town meetings imposed unapproved taxes enforced Navigation Acts - led to increased smuggling ```
52
What was the result of the Glorious Revolution?
1688 James II ousted Dominion of England collapsed
53
Describe New Netherland.
1621 Dutch colony Focused on fur trading, occupied Manhattan and Hudson River Valley Anyone who would bring 50 settlers was offered a patronship and land where they could control taxes, courts, and government 1664 - seized by English
54
Describe New Sweden.
1638 Swedish colony on the Delaware River Base for fur trading and tobacco 1655 - conquered by the Dutch
55
Who was William Penn?
``` Given huge amount of land by the English crown - created Pennsylvania in 1681 Haven for Quakers Offered religious freedom Catholics and Jews could not vote Good relations with Indians Delaware was also granted to Penn ```
56
Which colonies were the Middle Colonies?
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
57
What are three characteristics of the Middle Colonies?
1. Rich, fertile soil - rich exports of grain 2. Deep harbors - encouraged shipping and trade 3. Broad rivers - facilitated transportation but did not power industry
58
What was mercantilism?
An economic theory that stated that: 1. A nation's strength was based on the amount of gold and silver it possessed (then it could obtain ships, weapons, troops, etc) 2. A nation obtained more gold and silver by exporting more than it imported 3. Colonies were to help the mother country become wealthier by sending in raw materials and buying manufactured materials from the mother country
59
What were some Acts under mercantilism?
Wool Act of 1699 - no exporting wool Molasses Act of 1733 - tax on non-British imports Iron Act of 1750 - limiting knife manufacturing
60
When was the Glorious Revolution? What happened? How did it affect New England?
1688-1689 Dethroned James II (unpopular and Catholic) Replaced by Protestant William III and Mary Dominion of New England collapsed Led to a period of salutary neglect
61
What was salutary neglect?
Non-enforcement of mercantilism Britain was focusing on struggles with France Lasted until end of French and Indian War in 1763
62
Why was the Chesapeake unhealthy? | What was the result?
Settlers died an average of 10 years early Malaria, typhoid, other diseases Families were fragile, social restrictions were weaker, society was more individualistic
63
What was the Headright System?
System in Virginia and Maryland that encouraged the importation of indentured servants Gave 50 acres of land to to whoever paid for the passage of someone to the New World
64
Who were indentured servants?
People who promised to work for several years in exchange for transatlantic passage and eventual freedom dues (corn, clothes, a little land) Made up 3/4 of all European immigrants to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century
65
What happened in Bacon's Rebellion? | What was the result?
1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and indentured servants rebelled against the rule of Governor Berkeley. Bacon had come into conflict with the natives over land in Virginia. Berkeley supported natives because of fur trade. Bacon bured Jamestown. Bacon died of disease, Berkeley regained control. People started looking for black slaves instead of indentured servants.
66
When was the introduction of black slavery?
1619
67
Who brought the first black slaves to America?
Dutch traders
68
When did the British monopoly on American slave trade end?
1698
69
What was the Middle Passage? | What were the death rates?
The slaves' journey from Africa to America | 20% death rate
70
What was the New York City Slave Rebellion? | What was the result?
``` 1712 23 slaves set fire to a building 9 whites killed 27 captured - all died Result: New York slave laws tightened Another rebellion happened in 1741 ```
71
What was the Stono Rebellion? | What was its result?
1739 50 slaves in South Carolina killed 25 whites Headed to Florida but were killed in battle with white militia one of 250 slave rebellions Result: harsher slave code
72
What were maroon communities? | Where were they located?
Run-away slaves banded together in Florida swamps, bayous of Louisiana, Great Dismal Swamp of North Carolina
73
Why was New England healthy?
Better water and cooler temperatures = less disease Lived ten years longer than Englanders and twenty years longer than people in the Chesapeake. Puritans had more stable families, focused on community
74
What was the Halfway Covenant?
Puritan thing Baptized children of all baptized adults, even if the adults were not church members The adults were hallway members of the church who could not take communion or vote in church affairs End of Puritan mission to create a city on a hill since the first generation was not able to produce second generation with equal religious fervor
75
What were the Jeremiads?
Sermons preached from Puritan pulpits in the mid 17th century Named for Jeremiah - Biblical prophet who warned of doom Preachers noticed decline in religious devotion of 2nd generation settlers Jeremiads scolded parishioners of their waning piety
76
What were the Salem Witch Trials? | What was the result?
1692 Accusations of girls in Massachusetts led to arrest of 100s and execution of 19 for witchcraft Result: revealed conflicts with Salem and led to diversion of Salem and other Puritan communities from their original religious mission
77
What was Leisler's Rebellion? | What did it represent?
1689-1691 Proclaimed himself as the head of government in New York after fall of Dominion of New England Was executed for his reluctance to turn power over to William and Mary's new governor Represented the tensions between the middle class (Leisler) and the colonial elite

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