Key IDs Oral Quiz Prep: Sherwin's Hardcore Version

Question 1

Key ID 2:

Protestant Reformation

Answer 1

A movement of religious reform ignited in 1517 when Martin Luther nailed his protests
against Catholic doctrines to the door of Wittenberg’s cathedral. Luther declared that the
Bible alone was the source of God’s word; he also denounced the authority of priests and
popes.
The Reformation led to religious conflict, missionary zeal, and the development of
Puritanism.

Question 2

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John Calvin

Answer 2

Calvin was a Protestant theologian from Geneva who argued that humans were weak and
wicked due to original sin. Some souls were predestined to go to heaven and others to hell.
This was the foundation of Puritanism.

Question 3

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Protestant Ethic

Answer 3

A Puritan doctrine that stated the Puritans were called to do God’s work on this Earth. It
involved serious commitment to work and to engagement in the world’s affairs.

Question 4

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Pilgrims

Answer 4

These were Separatists, an extreme group of Puritans who sought complete separation from
the Church of England.
The Pilgrims negotiated with the Virginia Company and secured rights to settle under its
jurisdiction but missed their destination.
Before landing in 1620 they established the Mayflower Compact.

Question 5

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Mayflower Compact

Answer 5

The 1620 covenant was the first attempt at self-government in America. It was signed on
the Mayflower for the government of Plymouth colony.
This set a precedent for other constitutions to follow; it was an agreement to form a
governing body and submit to the will of the majority.

Question 6

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Puritans

Answer 6

More moderate than the Pilgrims, Puritans wanted only to separate from impurities of the
Anglican Church.
They formed Massachusetts Bay Company; beginning in 1630 they began colonizing
Massachusetts and other places such as Barbados in the West Indies.

Question 7

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Roger Williams

Answer 7

An extreme Separatist, he criticized the Puritan leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony,
denying the authority of government to regulate religion and condemning the expropriation
of land from the Indians without fair compensation. He was banished.
In 1636, Williams and his followers founded the colony of Rhode Island and adopted policies
of separation of church and state as well as religious toleration.

Question 8

Key ID 2:

Anne Hutchinson

Answer 8

Hutchinson took the Puritan belief of predestination to logical extremes. She claimed that
holy life wasn’t a sure sign of salvation and the truly saved need not to obey either God’s or
man’s laws (antinomianism).
She was banished from the Bay Colony in 1638 for her beliefs and moved with her family to
Rhode Island. She later died in an Indian attack in 1643.

Question 9

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William Bradford

Answer 9

Bradford sailed to America on board the Mayflower in 1620. In 1621 he was elected
governor of Plymouth Colony and was re-elected thirty times.
He worried that the non-Puritan settlements nearby would corrupt their “godly experiment
in the wilderness.”

Question 10

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John Winthrop

Answer 10

A successful, well-to- do attorney and manor lord in England, he immigrated to
Massachusetts to become its governor, believing he had a calling from God to do so.
Declaring “We shall be as a city upon a hill,” he helped the colony focus on its common goal,
its covenant with God.

Question 11

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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Answer 11

1639
This was the first written constitution in North America. It established a somewhat
democratic system where voters elected a governor and legislature.
Unlike most other colonies, the Fundamental Orders did not limit voting to church
members.

Question 12

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The Colonies of New Haven, Maine, and New Hampshire

Answer 12

New Haven—1638. Dismayed by what they saw as theological laxity in Massachusetts, the
founders of New Haven intended this colony to be governed more strictly by biblical law. It
became part of Connecticut in 1665.
Maine—In 1623 Ferdinando Gorges of England set up a colony in Maine. Settlers were few,
and in 1677 Massachusetts purchased the land from Gorges’s heirs.
New Hampshire—Individuals who left Massachusetts for political or religious reasons
settled New Hampshire. In 1641, the sparsely-settled area of New Hampshire was absorbed
by Massachusetts, but it became a separate royal colony in 1679.

Question 13

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New England Confederation

Answer 13

1643
This was an alliance among the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven
colonies. Its intended purpose was to provide a common defense against the French, Dutch,
and Indians.
Although the Confederation turned out to be rather ineffective due to bickering among its
members, it was able to deal with border disputes, runaway servants, and King Philip’s War.
The greatest significance of the Confederation is that it was the first alliance among
American colonies, and it showed the possibility of the colonies working together in their
common interest.

Question 14

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King Philip’s War

Answer 14

In 1675–1676, the Indian leader Metacom, known to the colonists as King Philip, struck back
at whites for their intrusions on Indian lands in New England. Hundreds of settlers (perhaps
over 5% of the white population) were killed and dozens of towns were damaged or
destroyed, but the whites finally emerged victorious.
 King Philip’s War slowed westward expansion by the English for several decades, but it also
was a devastating defeat for the Native Americans who posed a lesser threat to the whites
in future years.

Question 15

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The Restoration

Answer 15

1660
The British monarchy was temporarily replaced by a republic after the execution of King
Charles I in 1649. In 1660 the monarchy was restored under Charles’s son Charles II .
One effect of this was Charles II’s determination to reassert royal control over the American
colonies, temporarily ending salutary neglect.

Question 16

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Dominion of New England

Answer 16

1686–1689
King James II attempted to increase royal control of the northern colonies to allow stricter
enforcement of the Navigation Acts and to strengthen colonial defenses against the French
and Indians.
Under Governor Edmond Andros, the British limited town meetings, imposed taxes not
approved by colonial assemblies, and stringently enforced the Navigation Acts (which led to
increased colonial smuggling).
When the Glorious Revolution deposed James II, the Dominion collapsed and Andros fled.

Question 17

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New Netherland and New Sweden

Answer 17

New Netherland—1621. This colony, which focused initially on fur trading, occupied much
of what are now Manhattan and the Hudson River Valley. In an attempt to draw more
settlers, anyone who would bring fifty settlers was offered a patroonship, a large tract of
land that he would then control in an almost-feudal manner, controlling taxes, courts, and
government. In 1664 this Dutch colony was seized by Britain.
New Sweden—1638. This settlement on the Delaware River was intended as a base for
trading furs and tobacco. It lasted until 1655 when it was easily conquered by the Dutch.

Question 18

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William Penn and the Quakers

Answer 18

Quakers—More formally known as the Society of Friends, the Quakers suffered persecution
in England because of their unorthodox views, their refusal to swear oaths of allegiance to
the crown, and their practice of holding services outside of the established Anglican Church.
Given a huge amount of land by crown to repay a debt owed to his father; Penn, a Quaker,
created Pennsylvania in 1681.
Penn offered colonists religious freedom (although he was forced by the crown not to allow
Catholics or Jews to vote or hold political office), no tax-supported state church, no military,
excellent relations with the Indians, and no restrictions on immigration.

Question 19

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The Middle Colonies—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Answer 19

New York (1664, seized from the Dutch), New Jersey (1664, also formerly controlled by the
Dutch), Pennsylvania (1681, see above), and Delaware (1682, also granted to William Penn)
made up the middle colonies.
These colonies were known for their rich, fertile soil, which led to their rich exports of grain;
their deep harbors, which encouraged shipping and trade; and their broad rivers, which
facilitated transportation but which were too slow to generate power for industry (as the
cascading rivers of New England did).

Question 20

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Mercantilism and the Navigation Acts

Answer 20

Mercantilism was the dominant economic theory of the time. It argued that a) a nation’s
strength was based on the amount of gold and silver it possessed because with gold and
silver, a nation could obtain ships, weapons, troops, supplies, etc., b) a nation obtained
more gold and silver by exporting more than it imported, and c) colonies were to help the
mother country become wealthier by sending the mother country inexpensive raw materials
and buying from the mother country expensive manufactured products.
One manifestation of the mercantilist system, the Navigation Acts required that goods could
only be transported on British or colonial ships; tobacco, furs, sugar, and indigo were to be
exported to England only; and imports could only be purchased from England.
Examples included the Wool Act of 1699 (forbidding the American colonies from exporting
wool since that would compete with British wool producers), the Molasses Act of 1733
(taxing the importation of molasses from non-British sources), and the Iron Act of 1750
(limiting the colonial manufacture of metal goods such as knives and nails).
Colonists rebelled and smuggling became common.

Question 21

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Glorious Revolution

Answer 21

1688–1689
The Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689 dethroned the unpopular Catholic James II. He was
replaced with the Protestant rulers of the Netherlands, Dutch-born William III and his
English wife Mary, daughter of James II.
When the news reached America, the Dominion of New England collapsed.
The new rulers enforced the Navigation Acts less strictly, leading to a period of salutary
neglect.

Question 22

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Salutary Neglect

Answer 22

This was the non-enforcement of mercantilist policies due to Britain focusing its attention
more on the struggles with France than on ruling the colonies.
Although British enforcement waxed and waned, in general salutary neglect lasted until the
end of the French and Indian War in 1763.