Chapters 16-18: Antebellum Reforms and Tensions Flashcards
What is unitarianism?
Human nature was essentially good, that humans had free agency, and that salvation could be attained through good works. This was a rational, optimistic approach to religion.
What was the significance of unitarianism?
It was one foundation of the reform movements of the 1830’s to the 1850’s.
What was the Second Great Awakening?
This movement began around 1800 primarily in the West and spread to the masses (elites were largely unaffected) by camp meetings. More people were affected than by the First Great Awakening. It affected women more than men.
By the 1820’s, this revival had spread into the East.
What was the significance of the Second Great Awakening?
It helped to stimulate prison reform, temperance movement, women’s rights, and abolition.
Who was Charles Grandison Finney?
Finney was the most famous preacher of the Second Great Awakening, credited by some with bringing half a million converts to the church.
What did Charles Grandison Finney do/believe in?
Finney was noted for expanding the role of women and allowing them to speak at prayer meetings and for urging his followers to support social reform movements including abolition, temperance, and education.
Who did the Southern Methodist and Baptist churches split with and why?
They split with their Northern counterparts over the issue of slavery.
Why did the Northern and Southern Presbyterian churches split?
Over the issue of slavery
What did the secession of the Northern and Southern Presbyterian churches foreshadow?
The secession of the South
Describe the order of secession.
- Splitting of churches
- Splitting of political parties
- Splitting of Union
What was the Burned-Over District?
This area near the Erie Canal in western New York was the scene of the most intense revival activity. It was populated by many descendants of the Puritans who flocked to hear hellfire sermons.
What did Joseph Smith do?
He founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS) in New York
Why did the Mormons raise antagonism?
Voting as a unit
Drilling their militia openly for defensive purposes
Practicing polygamy
Where was Joseph Smith and his brother killed?
A mob killed them in Carthage, Illinois
Who was Brigham Young and what did he do?
He took over the LDS church after Joseph Smith was killed.
He was an aggressive leader, an eloquent preacher, and a gifted administrator.
To escape further persecution, Young led the Mormons over the plains to Utah.
Who was Horace Mann?
An educational reformer from Massachusetts
What did Horace Mann want?
More and better schools
Longer school years
Higher pay for teachers
Expanded curriculum in the emerging public education system
What did Noah Webster do?
He wrote many textbooks with reading lessons designed to promote patriotism and his famous dictionary, which standardized the American language.
What was the significance of Noah Webster’s books?
These books improved the quality of American education
What did the McGuffey Readers emphasize?
Lessons of morality, patriotism, and idealism
What did William H. McGuffey do?
Teacher-preacher who published McGuffey Readers in the 1830’s. He sold 122 million copies in the following decades.
Who was Emma Willard?
Early supporter of women’s education
1818 - she published “A Plan for Improving Female Education”, which became the basis for public education of women in New York.
1821 - she opened her own girls’ school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college.
What was the significance of “A Plan for Improving Female Education”?
Became the basis for basis for public education of women in New York
Which two schools provided the first opportunities for women to attend college?
Oberlin College (Ohio) Troy Female Seminary
What did Mary Lyon do?
She opened the Mount Holyoke Seminary, an outstanding women’s school
What was the Lyceum Movement?
Traveling lecturers helped to carry learning to the masses through the Lyceum Lecture Associations, which numbered 3,000 in 1835. Lyceums provided lectures on science, literature, and moral philosophy.
What was the significance of the Lyceum Movement?
Responsible for the increase in the number of institutions of higher learning
What did Dorothea Dix do?
Responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the US and Canada.
She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the humane care of the mentally ill.
Dix also helped to abolish imprisonment for debt.
Who was Dorothea Dix?
A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill
Who was Neal S. Dow?
Father of Prohibition
What did Neal S. Dow do?
Dow sponsored the Maine Law of 1851.
What was the Maine Law of 1851?
This law prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine’s example, but in most of these states, the laws didn’t even last a decade. They were repealed or declared unconstitutional.
Who was Lucretia Mott and what did she do?
Mott was a Quaker minister and the founder of the first female abolition society.
Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton and what did she do?
Stanton, an ardent feminist who refused to include the word obey in her wedding vows, did much of the writing and planning for the women’s movement in the 1800s.
Who was Susan B. Anthony and what did she do?
Anthony, originally a temperance worker, traveled and spoke widely and was the public face of the women’s movement. With Stanton she founded in 1869 the National Women’s Suffrage Association, which supported suffrage (the right to vote), birth control, and divorce.
What inspired Mott and Stanton to organize the Seneca Falls Convention?
Mott had been denied the right to participate at an international slavery conference in London.
Who organized the Seneca Falls Convention?
Mott and Stanton
What happened at the Seneca Falls Convention?
The convention called for women’s rights. At Stanton’s insistence, the Declaration of Sentiments included a demand for the right to vote. This was so controversial that even Mott argued against it. Abolitionist Frederick Douglass supported Stanton, and the demand for suffrage was included.
What did the Declaration of Sentiments include?
The controversial demand for women to have the right to vote/
Where was the Seneca Falls Convention?
New York
What were the three utopian communities?
Where were they?
New Harmony (Indiana) Brook Farm (Massachusetts) Oneida (New York
Who established New Harmony, Indiana?
Robert Owen
What did Owen want?
Hoped to abolish poverty and crime through cooperative labor and collective ownership of property.
Owen spoke out against the evils of religion, private property, and marriage founded on the concept of private property.
What was the significance of New Harmony, Indiana?
The community made rapid progress in the areas of education and recreation, setting up the nation’s first kindergarten, free public school, and free library; and providing concerts, dances, lectures, and public discussions.
