Chapters 1-7 Flashcards
(117 cards)
0
Q
Molecules
A
Two or more atoms bonded together
1
Q
Atom
A
Building block all matter
2
Q
Glucose
A
C6H12O6
3
Q
Organelles
A
Components found within cells
4
Q
Cells
A
Smallest unit of life
5
Q
Tissues
A
Group of similar cells forming functional unit
6
Q
Organ
A
Combination of tissue working together
7
Q
Organ system
A
Combination of organs
8
Q
Organism
A
The entire “critter”
9
Q
Population
A
Localized group of organisms of same species
10
Q
Ecosystem
A
Community plus abiotic environment
11
Q
Biosphere
A
All ecosystems of Earth with life
12
Q
Robert Hooke
A
First to observe and describe cells in 1665
13
Q
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
A
Made own microscopes, identified cells in pond water, blood, semen, ground over 500 lenses, 9 known to exist
14
Q
Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann
A
developed cell theory
15
Q
Cell Theory
A
- Cells are the fundamental units of structure
- Also fundamental units of function
- All cells come from pre-existing cells
- Cells contain genetic information
16
Q
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
A
Prokaryotic are 10 X smaller
Prokaryotic are less complex
Eukaryotic have membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic has DNA contained inside the nucleus
Prokaryotic is bacteria and Archaea
17
Q
Bacteria
A
Common prokaryotic cells
18
Q
Archaea
A
Extreme and old prokaryotic cells
19
Q
Eukarya
A
- Protista - unicellular organisms
- Plantae - plants
- Fungi - mushrooms, toadstools
- animalia - animals
20
Q
Scientific method
A
Make an observation Ask a question Formulate a hypothesis Make a prediction Design an experiment Reach a conclusion
21
Q
Inductive Reasoning
A
Specific observations –> generalized
22
Q
Deductive reasoning
A
General promise –> specific situation
23
Q
Hypotheses
A
Very specific for a particular experiment
24
Theories
Broad generalizations that are supported by extensive and varied evidence
ex. Theory or Evolution, Quantum Theory
25
Law
Govern a single action; described mathematically
26
Basic science
Learning new things
27
Technology
Applying science to produce goods and services such as medicines, gene therapy, GMOs, etc.
28
Matter
Anything with mass and takes up space
29
Element
Cannot be broken down further by chemical reaction
30
Compound
Two or more elements combined
31
5 elements that make up 97% of human body
CHNOPS (chin ups)
32
Hydrogen bonding
Relatively weak bond between two polar molecules, indicated with dots
33
Properties or water
```
Cohesive
Adhesive
High specific heat
High heat of vaporization
Lower density as solid than liquid
Excellent solvent
```
34
Cohesion
Holding together of "like" substances
35
Adhesion
Sticking together of "different" substances
36
As magnification increases, resolution
Increases, up to 1200X magnification
37
As magnification increases, brightness
Decreases
38
As magnification increases, field of view
Decreases
39
As magnification increases, depth of field
Decreases
40
pH is neutral
Concentration of H+ and OH- is equal
41
pH is acidic
Concentration of H+ > OH-
42
pH is basic
concentration of H+ < OH-
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hydroxyl group
R - OH
44
Carbonyl group
```
R
l
C = O
l
R
```
45
Carboxyl group
R - C = O
l
OH
46
Amino group
R- N - H
l
H
47
Phosphate group
```
OH
l
R - O - P = O
l
O
```
48
monosaccharides
Simple sugar, 3-7 carbons
| Ex. Glucose
49
disaccharides
Two monosaccharides linked
| ex. Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
50
polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides linked
51
Starch
Polysaccharides for food storage in plant
52
Glycogen
Polysaccharides food storage in animals
53
Cellulose
Structural polysaccharide in plants
54
Chitin
Structural polysaccharide in animal exoskeleton
55
Lipid
Cannot be dissolved in water
56
Triglycerides
3 fatty acid chains attached to one glycerol
57
Saturated fats
All carbons are filled with hydrogens, solid at room temperature
58
Unsaturated fats
Not all carbons are filled with hydrogens, liquid at room temperature
59
Function of triglycerides
Provides long term energy storage, insulates against cold, protects internal organs
60
Phospholipids
Two fatty acid chains (hydrophobic tails) attached to a phosphate group (hydrophilic head)
61
Micelle
Phospholipid ring structure
62
Steroids
consists of 4 fused rings
| Ex. Cholesterol and sex hormones of vertebrates
63
Proteins
Major component of body. Form membranes, organelles, hormones, enzymes, toxins, muscle fibers, antibodies and more
64
Amino acid
Building block of proteins
```
H R O
l l ll
N - C - C
l l l
H H OH
```
Left is amino group right is carboxyl
R is side chain which determines what amino acid it is
65
Peptide bond
Type of covalent bond where the OH of carboxyl group has a dehydration reaction with a Hydrogen of Amine group creating a water molecule and bonding amino acids
66
Primary structure
Chain of amino acids, 100% peptide bonds
67
Secondary structure
Primary structure forms beta pleated sheets and alpha helix (both of them) with hydrogen bonds
68
Tertiary structure
Secondary structure folds up
Bonds used are hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, Van der Waals interactions, disulfide bridge and ionic bonds
*simple proteins stop here*
69
Quaternary structure
Two or more tertiary structures combine to make complex proteins
ex. Hemoglobin is 4 tertiary structures
70
Difference between DNA and RNA
DNA pentose sugar is deoxyribose (missing oxygen in 2' carbon of the ring)
RNA pentose sugar is ribose
DNA uses thymine
RNA uses Uracil
71
Nitrogenous base combinations
Adenine goes with Thymine or Uracil
Cytosine goes with Guanine
72
Purine
Nitrogenous bases with 2 rings, includes Adenine and Guanine
73
Pyrimidine
Nitrogenous bases with 1 ring, included Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil
74
Nucleotide
3 Phosphate group + Pentose sugar + Nitrogenous base
75
Nucleoside
Sugar + nitrogenous base
76
Nucleotide residue
1 phosphate, pentose sugar and base
| The bond holding phosphates breaks to make energy for building process
77
Size of mycoplasmas (small bacteria)
.1 um - 1.0 um
78
Size of bacteria
1-10 um
79
Size of eukaryotic cells
10-100 um
Eukaryotic are 10 times bigger than bacteria
80
Nucleus
Double-membrane bound region that contains DNA, has nuclear pores to allow RNA and proteins to pass
81
Chromatin
Unwound granular looking DNA (interphase)
82
Chromosome
wound up, stringy looking (prophase)
83
Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?
No, DNA floats in cytoplasm area called nucleoid
84
Nucleolus
Dark mass within nucleus
| Combines proteins and ribosomal DNA to make ribosome subunit
85
Ribosomes
Membraneless structure made of two subunits that makes proteins
86
Endoplasmic reticulum
System of canals that is continuous with nuclear envelope. Easier for travel because its not as thick as cytosol
87
Rough ER
Endoplasmic reticulum containing ribosome
88
Nuclear envelope
Double-membrane of nucleus
89
Function of smooth ER
Lipid production, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons
90
Function of rough ER
Produces secretory proteins packaged in transport vesicles and also builds new membranes for use throughout the cell
91
Structure of Golgi Apparatus
Stack of membranous sacs, proteins are contained within the membrane and break off creating buds called transport vesicles and these vesicles merge with other membranes to dump contents or move throughout Golgi apparatus to modify the protein
92
Cis face of Golgi apparatus
Receives transport vesicles from ER
93
trans face of Golgi apparatus
Where transport vesicles are released
94
Function of Golgi Apparatus
Modified proteins (includes folding and combining tertiary and quaternary structures) as try pass through pancake like layers. In plats can produce some polysaccharides
Products are tagged with phosphate groups or proteins that help them reach their destination
95
Lysosomes structure
Membrane bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
96
Lysosome function
Break down macromolecules of proteins, polysaccharides, fats and nucleic acids
Membrane pumps H+ into lysosomes to balance pH
97
Vacuoles and Vesicles
Membrane bound sacs
Vacuoles are larger than vesicles
98
Contractual vacuoles
Regulate water in take of cells by spitting out water
99
Mitochondria structure and function
Double-membrane bound organelle with finger like constructions in the center called Cristae and fluid called matrix.
Cellular respiration converts glucose into ATP
100
Centricles structure and function
Made of micro tubules in a "9+0" configuration (9 on outside 0 on inside)
Organize spindle fibers in animal cells
101
Cilia and Flagella structure
Microtubules in "9+2" structure
102
Cilia and Flagella function
Used for locomotion or to move substances across cell membrane
103
Fluid mosaic model
Fluid-like membrane with "iceberg" proteins floating in them
104
Function of phospholipid bilayer
Flexible and allows small molecules to permeate
105
Function of proteins in membrane
Give stability and allow other macromolecules to permeate membrane
106
Carbohydrate side chain function in membrane
Cell-to-cell recognition, like whiskers to feel nearby cells
107
Cholesterol in phospholipid bilayer
Found among phospholipid tails (lipid chains)
108
Diffusion
Movement of small particles of solute across selectively permeable membrane
109
Osmosis
Movement of the solvent across a selectively permeable membrane
110
Isotonic
Same water/salt content
111
Hypertonic
More salt, will cause water to move out of cells
112
Hypotonic
Less salt, water crosses into cell and cell may burst
113
Facilitated diffusion
Carrier proteins move molecules across cell membrane but still follow concentration gradient
114
Active transport
Carrier proteins move molecules against the concentration gradient, require energy
115
Endocytosis
Extremely large particles are engulfed by the cell and lysosomes digest it
116
Exocytosis
A vacuole or vesicle moves to the cell membrane and dumps its contents outside the cell
