Flashcards in Chapters 1-7 Deck (54)
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Principle of public events
seeking the causes of behavior in public (environmental) events
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Behavior analysis defenition
The science that studies environmental events that change behavior
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what is a Behavioral Strategy
way of defining human problems as behavioral problems
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Steps in applying the behavioral strategy
Behavioral definition
Direct Observation
Reliability and Social Validity
Single-subject experiment
Visual analysis
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ABA exploded in popularity in what year
1970
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Definition of Behavior
anything a person does
behavior is physical and it functions to do something
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Behavioral Definition
a statement that specifies exactly what behavior to observe
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Benefits of a behavioral definition
Clearer communication with others
More consistent observations
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Self-report observations
The observer relies on their memory of the behavior
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Direct observation
The use of a trained observer who personally sees and immediately records their observations
exceptions: Observer can hear behavior or see results
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How to increase direct observation accuracy when observing yourself
use a behavioral definition
someone else make an independent report
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How much of the body does behavior involve?
The whole body
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Behavior refers to activities that are...
obvious, subtle, internal or private
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Types of direct observations
Outcome recording
Event recording
Interval recording
Time-sample recording
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Outcome recording
record a response when you see the results of the behavior
Use when the behavior leaves a result
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Event recording
record a response when you see an instance of the behavior
Use if the behavior is uniform in length
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Interval recording
record a response if the behavior occurs in one of a series of continuous intervals
Use if behavior is non-uniform in length or occurs in nonuniform episodes
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Time-sample recording
record a response if the behavior occurs within one of a series of discontinuous intervals (can use to observe multiple people- check on one than the other)
Use to observe a sample of the behavior
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Most common method of direct observation
event recording
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Definition of Reliability
agreement between two independent observers
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Two conditions of reliability
use the same behavioral definition
observe the same responses
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Forms of reliability
Trial reliability
Frequency reliability
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Trial reliability
compares each observation of two independent observers
Only used for interval and time-sample recording
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Formula for trial reliability
100%xA/(A+D)
A=agreements
D=Disagreements
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Frequency reliability
compares the total count between two observers
Used for event and outcome recording
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Acceptable goal reliability
90% for old definitions
80% for new definitions
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What is Social Validity
The correlation between ratings by outside judges and observations by trained observers
Validates the behavioral definition as well as the social appropriateness of intervention
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What percentage of journal articles use reliability and what percent use social validity?
94% use reliability
29% use social validity
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Assume the behavioral definition in a question is...
old - 90% needed
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Experimental design is used to...
rule out alternative explanations of the results
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What are the possible alternative explanations
Individual differences
Time coincidences
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Treatment
Method introduced to modify the rate of a behavior
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Baseline
The period of an experiment without the treatment
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What are you doing when you rule out alternative explanations
Showing that events other than the treatment did not cause an observed difference
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Principle of single-subject experiments
to expose the same person to the baseline and treatment
Can be more than one person but they all have to be subjected to both conditions
A group treated as a unit counts as a "person"
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List the types of single-subject experiments
Comparison Design
Reversal Design
Multiple-baseline Design
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Comparison Design
An experimental design comparing the baseline condition with the treatment condition
Cannot rule out time coincidences
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Reversal Design
Looks at behavior during baseline, treatment and reversal back to baseline
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Multiple-baseline Design
An experimental design that introduces treatment at different times for two or more behaviors people or situations
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What is a Backward Design?
When you start with the treatment condition first then move to baseline (and back to treatment if it's reversal)
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What is one-time treatment?
When you can't undo treatment condition. A skill can't be unlearned so treatment condition never ends
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How do you test the generality of an experiment?
Repeat the experiment many times with different people
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Multi-element Design
Involves alternating the experimental conditions many times, often every day
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Group Designs
Provide statistical information, compares the treatment to standard treatments rather than finding out what causes the improvement
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What modifies or changes behavior?
Treatment
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Principle of Visual Analysis
to decide whether differences between baseline and treatment look convincing
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Divided conditions
when the ranges on the last three points of two conditions are mutually exclusive
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Stable condition
The last three numbers of one condition are not moving closer to the numbers in the other condition
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Steps of visual analysis
Divided
Stable
Convincing
Treatment cause the difference? - not comparison
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Convincing
Each part must be divided and stable. If one isn't then the answer is no
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Why do we observe behaviors?
To help people change them
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How is ABA "applied"?
Allowed methods of inquiry to be applied to human behavior
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What do you do if the behavioral observations are not reliable?
Retrain the observers
Revise the behavioral definition to make it clearer
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