Chapters 1-7

Question 0

Behavior analysis defenition

Answer 0

The science that studies environmental events that change behavior

Question 1

Principle of public events

Answer 1

seeking the causes of behavior in public (environmental) events

Question 2

what is a Behavioral Strategy

Answer 2

way of defining human problems as behavioral problems

Question 3

Steps in applying the behavioral strategy

Answer 3

Behavioral definition
Direct Observation
Reliability and Social Validity
Single-subject experiment
Visual analysis

Question 4

ABA exploded in popularity in what year

Answer 4

1970

Question 5

Definition of Behavior

Answer 5

anything a person does

behavior is physical and it functions to do something

Question 6

Behavioral Definition

Answer 6

a statement that specifies exactly what behavior to observe

Question 7

Benefits of a behavioral definition

Answer 7

Clearer communication with others

More consistent observations

Question 8

Self-report observations

Answer 8

The observer relies on their memory of the behavior

Question 9

Direct observation

Answer 9

The use of a trained observer who personally sees and immediately records their observations
exceptions: Observer can hear behavior or see results

Question 10

How to increase direct observation accuracy when observing yourself

Answer 10

use a behavioral definition

someone else make an independent report

Question 11

How much of the body does behavior involve?

Answer 11

The whole body

Question 12

Behavior refers to activities that are…

Answer 12

obvious, subtle, internal or private

Question 13

Types of direct observations

Answer 13

Outcome recording
Event recording
Interval recording
Time-sample recording

Question 14

Outcome recording

Answer 14

record a response when you see the results of the behavior

Use when the behavior leaves a result

Question 15

Event recording

Answer 15

record a response when you see an instance of the behavior

Use if the behavior is uniform in length

Question 16

Interval recording

Answer 16

record a response if the behavior occurs in one of a series of continuous intervals
Use if behavior is non-uniform in length or occurs in nonuniform episodes

Question 17

Time-sample recording

Answer 17

record a response if the behavior occurs within one of a series of discontinuous intervals (can use to observe multiple people- check on one than the other)
Use to observe a sample of the behavior

Question 18

Most common method of direct observation

Answer 18

event recording

Question 19

Definition of Reliability

Answer 19

agreement between two independent observers

Question 20

Two conditions of reliability

Answer 20

use the same behavioral definition

observe the same responses

Question 21

Forms of reliability

Answer 21

Trial reliability

Frequency reliability

Question 22

Trial reliability

Answer 22

compares each observation of two independent observers

Only used for interval and time-sample recording

Question 23

Formula for trial reliability

Answer 23

100%xA/(A+D)
A=agreements
D=Disagreements

Question 24

Frequency reliability

Answer 24

compares the total count between two observers | Used for event and outcome recording

Question 25

Acceptable goal reliability

Answer 25

90% for old definitions | 80% for new definitions

Question 26

What is Social Validity

Answer 26

The correlation between ratings by outside judges and observations by trained observers Validates the behavioral definition as well as the social appropriateness of intervention

Question 27

What percentage of journal articles use reliability and what percent use social validity?

Answer 27

94% use reliability | 29% use social validity

Question 28

Assume the behavioral definition in a question is...

Answer 28

old - 90% needed

Question 29

Experimental design is used to...

Answer 29

rule out alternative explanations of the results

Question 30

What are the possible alternative explanations

Answer 30

Individual differences | Time coincidences

Question 31

Treatment

Answer 31

Method introduced to modify the rate of a behavior

Question 32

Baseline

Answer 32

The period of an experiment without the treatment

Question 33

What are you doing when you rule out alternative explanations

Answer 33

Showing that events other than the treatment did not cause an observed difference

Question 34

Principle of single-subject experiments

Answer 34

to expose the same person to the baseline and treatment Can be more than one person but they all have to be subjected to both conditions A group treated as a unit counts as a "person"

Question 35

List the types of single-subject experiments

Answer 35

Comparison Design Reversal Design Multiple-baseline Design

Question 36

Comparison Design

Answer 36

An experimental design comparing the baseline condition with the treatment condition Cannot rule out time coincidences

Question 37

Reversal Design

Answer 37

Looks at behavior during baseline, treatment and reversal back to baseline

Question 38

Multiple-baseline Design

Answer 38

An experimental design that introduces treatment at different times for two or more behaviors people or situations

Question 39

What is a Backward Design?

Answer 39

When you start with the treatment condition first then move to baseline (and back to treatment if it's reversal)

Question 40

What is one-time treatment?

Answer 40

When you can't undo treatment condition. A skill can't be unlearned so treatment condition never ends

Question 41

How do you test the generality of an experiment?

Answer 41

Repeat the experiment many times with different people

Question 42

Multi-element Design

Answer 42

Involves alternating the experimental conditions many times, often every day

Question 43

Group Designs

Answer 43

Provide statistical information, compares the treatment to standard treatments rather than finding out what causes the improvement

Question 44

What modifies or changes behavior?

Answer 44

Treatment

Question 45

Principle of Visual Analysis

Answer 45

to decide whether differences between baseline and treatment look convincing

Question 46

Divided conditions

Answer 46

when the ranges on the last three points of two conditions are mutually exclusive

Question 47

Stable condition

Answer 47

The last three numbers of one condition are not moving closer to the numbers in the other condition

Question 48

Steps of visual analysis

Answer 48

Divided Stable Convincing Treatment cause the difference? - not comparison

Question 49

Convincing

Answer 49

Each part must be divided and stable. If one isn't then the answer is no

Question 50

Why do we observe behaviors?

Answer 50

To help people change them

Question 51

How is ABA "applied"?

Answer 51

Allowed methods of inquiry to be applied to human behavior

Question 52

What do you do if the behavioral observations are not reliable?

Answer 52

Retrain the observers | Revise the behavioral definition to make it clearer

Question 53

What do you do if your beh def isn't socially valid?

Answer 53

Revise the behavioral def to match the meaning used by the judges